Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Mice injected intracerebrally with infectious influenza virus (60 hemagglutinin units) developed lethargy, seizures, comas, and died 2 to 5 days postinfection. As early as 6 h after infection, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in these animals was infiltrated with polymorphonuclear cells, mononuclear leukocytes, and large granular lymphocytes. Potent natural killer (NK) cell activity was observed for both CSF and spleen cell populations over the same period. This NK cell activity correlated with interferon (IFN) levels in the CSF and serum. Treatment of lethally infected mice with either anti-IFN alpha-IFN beta or anti-ganglio-n-tetraoglyceramide antiserum ameliorated the disease, reduced mortality, and effected changes in the relative proportions of inflammatory cell populations infiltrating the CSF. The possible significance of IFN and NK cell activity in the development of this influenza virus-induced encephalopathy is discussed.
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PMID:Influenza virus-induced encephalopathy in mice: interferon production and natural killer cell activity during acute infection. 243 Nov 59

A marked variability in serum phenytoin concentrations was observed in an elderly nursing home resident. To determine the prevalence of this problem, 15 frail nursing home patients who were receiving phenytoin therapy were studied over a mean follow-up period of 10.6 +/- 0.89 months. The mean number of serum phenytoin level measurements during this period was 13.1 +/- 1.5. For a given individual, there was no variation in phenytoin dose or preparation administered. All the patients had a difference of more than 50% between the highest and the lowest serum phenytoin levels, and in five patients (33%), the difference exceeded 150%. The change in serum phenytoin level was temporally related to influenza vaccination in only three patients. The form of phenytoin was not a significant determinant of the variability in this patient population, nor did enteral feeding have any effect. It is recommended that nursing home patients receiving phenytoin therapy have periodic serum phenytoin measurements obtained, even in the absence of seizures or classic signs of phenytoin toxicity.
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PMID:Variability of serum phenytoin concentrations in nursing home patients. 239 33

A woman presented with a history of three regressive comas of undetectable etiology between the age of 52 and 57 years. An IgG lambda benign monoclonal dysglobulinemia was combined with a papular mucinosis (myxedematous lichen or the generalized form of Arndt-Gotton's scleromyxedema). In the 6 analogous cases documented in the literature the onset of coma occurred generally several weeks after an aggravation of the cutaneous lesions. The coma was preceded by an influenza-like syndrome followed by asthenia, malaise with vertigo and frequently epileptic seizures. During recovery, hallucinations and transient hepatic disorders were noted. Pruritus with pronounced hypereosinophilia preceded desquamation and regression of dermatologic lesions. These comas can lead to a fatal outcome (2 of 7 cases) or regress in 2 to 20 days usually without sequelae. The disease is probably of immunologic origin. The paraprotein or a serum factor could exert a direct toxic effect on brain. As in neurologic manifestations of malignant dysglobulinemia, explained initially by a "toxic encephalosis, clinical, angiography, biologic and immunologic data exist in favor of blood hyperviscosity. This hyperviscosity could result from polymer formation through intermediates immunoglobulins and other protein chains, or again from alteration of deformability of red cells by binding of paraprotein. Hyperviscosity syndromes are frequent in system diseases that are often associated with papular mucinosis. Whatever the exact mechanism of these "comas due to papular mucinosis", a logical choice is their treatment by immunosuppressants and plasmapheresis: in the case reported, the use of plasmapheresis as soon as premonitory signs had appeared probably prevented a fourth coma.
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PMID:[Recurrent coma, papular mucinosis and benign dysglobulinemia]. 296 74

These recommendations update for 1985-86 the information on the vaccine and antiviral agent available for control of influenza. Changes include addition of statements about the route of vaccine administration; the use of amantadine in medical personnel during influenza A outbreaks; the need to prepare contingency plans to expedite use of amantadine in aborting influenza A outbreaks among residents of institutions; and reduction in the dosage of amantadine for older patients or persons with seizure disorders.
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PMID:Prevention and control of influenza. Recommendation of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee. Centers for Disease Control, Department of Health and Human Services. 299 33

A retrospective clinical and pathological analysis has been performed of 24 cases of herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE) seen at the Institute of Neurological Sciences, Glasgow, between 1972 and 1985. All patients had been diagnosed on the basis of isolation of herpes simplex virus (HSV) from, and/or the demonstration of characteristic histological changes of acute necrotizing encephalitis (ANE) in brain biopsy and/or autopsy tissue. Clinical presentation on admission included a prodromal influenza-like illness (46%), sudden onset of headache and confusion (54%), meningism (38%), deep coma (42%), aphasia (54%) and focal neurological signs (79%). Seizures occurred in 46% of cases during the course of the illness. Of the 24 cases, 14 (58%) died and 10 (42%) survived. Intravenous acyclovir treatment was associated with the best prognosis. Cerebral biopsy of one temporal lobe was performed in 22 cases and in 19 of these a positive histological diagnosis of HSE could be made. HSV was isolated from 15 of the 19 (79%) biopsied cases in whom virus isolation was attempted. Only seven out of the 15 cases (47%) in which immunofluorescence assays for HSV antigens were performed were unequivocally positive. Herpes simplex virus was isolated in culture from all cases which were negative by immunofluorescence. Immunocytochemical analysis on tissue sections of five representative brain biopsies demonstrated the presence of HSV antigens in some astrocytes, neurons and macrophages especially within areas of inflammatory infiltration. In situ hybridization experiments with a cloned HSV DNA probe demonstrated viral RNA in astrocytes, neurons and macrophages in two human biopsies and mouse brains in areas broadly corresponding to the distribution of viral antigen labelling. The combined immunocytochemical and in situ hybridization procedure showed that many but not all of the cells containing viral RNA also contained HSV antigens, indicating a productive infection in these double-labelled cells.
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PMID:A clinico-pathological study of herpes simplex encephalitis. 320 Mar 68

The clinical features, investigative profiles and outcome of 46 patients with biopsy or autopsy-proven herpes simplex encephalitis admitted to the Institute of Neurological Sciences, Glasgow between 1962 and 1985 were analysed retrospectively. The protean presenting symptoms and signs included a history of a prodromal influenza-like illness (48 per cent), rapid onset of headache, clouding of consciousness and confusion (52 per cent), meningism (65 per cent), raised intracranial pressure (33 per cent), deep coma (35 per cent), mutism or aphasia (46 per cent), focal neurological signs (89 per cent), and seizures (61 per cent). When seizures occurred they were almost always focal. The electroencephalogram was the most useful diagnostic test being abnormal in all cases, the majority showing focal changes in one or other hemisphere. Of the neuroradiological procedures employed, computerized tomographic and isotope brain scanning most frequently demonstrated localizing abnormalities in one or both temporal and/or frontal lobes. Midline shift was seen in half the cases. The cerebrospinal fluid was abnormal in every case but was not diagnostic. Cerebral biopsy of one temporal lobe was performed in 40 cases and a positive diagnosis of acute necrotizing encephalitis was made in 37 of these. Herpes simplex virus was isolated from the brains of 29 of the 40 cases in which the procedure was attempted, but immunofluorescence assays for antigens to herpes simplex virus were only positive in 11 out of 25 cases. Serological assays showed a greater than four-fold rise in the anti-herpes simplex virus antibody titre in 13 out of 22 patients tested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:A retrospective analysis of forty-six cases of herpes simplex encephalitis seen in Glasgow between 1962 and 1985. 325 5

Alpha-2 interferon, produced in Escherichia coli using recombinant DNA techniques, was administered to 17 children with refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in relapse, two children with TdT-positive, Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) in blast crisis, and one child with B cell (SIg+) non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in a second extramedullary relapse. An initial 2-week intravenous (IV) phase of interferon was followed by a 3-month subcutaneous (SC) maintenance phase if patients had an objective response or disease stabilization without significant bleeding or infectious complications. When interferon dosages were escalated from 3 to 100 X 10(6) U/m2 in the first phase of therapy, there was rapid progression of disease in the first four patients treated, prompting a modification of the treatment plan. The last 16 patients enrolled received fixed dosages of interferon (ie, 10, 20, 30, and 50 X 10(6) U/m2 administered to four subjects each). One child with T cell ALL had an 11-month complete remission; the patient with lymphoma had a dramatic but brief response; three others (one CML and two ALL) showed disease stabilization for 3 to 6 months with a definite oncolytic effect in two of the three patients. The remaining 15 patients had progressive disease within 2 months and were removed from the study. Acute toxicity included a flu-like syndrome in all patients, increased serum transaminase levels in five, seizures in three (two cases temporally related to fever and one to a thrombocytopenic subarachnoid hemorrhage), and prolonged activated partial thromboplastin times in seven. This phase I-II trial of recombinant alpha-2 interferon demonstrated definite activity without dose-limiting toxicity.
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PMID:Phase I-II study of recombinant alpha-2 interferon against advanced leukemia and lymphoma in children. 345 76

In January 1984, an outbreak of influenza caused by A/Victoria/7/83-like virus, a new H1N1 variant, occurred in an institution for mentally handicapped children and adults. During the first 18 days of the outbreak, 35 (81%) of 43 residents in two housing modules became ill, nearly all of whom had received influenza vaccine the previous autumn. Amantadine hydrochloride prophylaxis was initiated in two other housing modules and was continued for 28 days. While factors influencing the risk of introduction and secondary spread of influenza virus were comparable in all four modules, only ten (16%) of 63 residents who received amantadine were infected, only one of whom became symptomatic. Most side effects associated with amantadine were mild, but residents with active, preexisting major-motor seizure disorders demonstrated an increase in seizure activity compared with the previous eight-month period; those who took the maximum daily dose of amantadine hydrochloride (200 mg) and those who were also taking anticonvulsants other than phenobarbital were at highest risk.
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PMID:Amantadine prophylaxis during an institutional outbreak of type A (H1N1) influenza. 375 15

Serum concentrations of the anticonvulsants phenytoin, phenobarbital, and carbamazepine were compared before and after patients received influenza vaccine. Serum drug concentrations were measured in patients at a state school for the mentally retarded who were receiving continuous anticonvulsant therapy with only one of the study drugs and taking no other medication regularly. Patients with hepatic or renal disease or other medical problems were excluded. All study patients had steady-state serum concentrations of the anticonvulsants before they were vaccinated with Influenza Virus Vaccine, USP, Types A and B, Whole Virus. Trough serum concentrations of anticonvulsants were measured by enzyme-mediated immunoassay technique immediately before vaccination and on days 7, 14, and 28. Data were excluded for patients who required dosage adjustments because of toxicity or seizures. On day 7, mean serum concentrations of phenytoin (15.16 +/- 5.52 micrograms/mL, n = 8) and phenobarbital (17.25 +/- 6.77 micrograms/mL, n = 27) were significantly higher than at baseline. Mean carbamazepine concentrations on day 7 (6.89 +/- 2.18 micrograms/mL, n = 20) were not significantly greater than baseline; however, there was a significant increase from day 7 to day 14. In patients who are receiving phenytoin, phenobarbital, or other drugs metabolized by the cytochrome P-450 system, serum concentrations of these drugs may increase as a result of influenza vaccination, and dosage adjustments may be necessary.
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PMID:Effect of influenza vaccine on serum anticonvulsant concentrations. 378 Jan 49

The effect of long-term phenytoin therapy on the immune response to inactivated influenza vaccine was evaluated. The patients were 31 white men who were receiving long-term phenytoin therapy for seizure disorders and 31 age-matched controls. Prevaccination blood samples were collected, and the patients were vaccinated subcutaneously with 0.5-mL inactivated whole-virion trivalent influenza vaccine. Venous blood samples were collected at 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, and 24 weeks after vaccination and stored at -20 degrees C until analysis. Total serum phenytoin concentrations were measured by fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Immune response was measured by assaying the sera for hemagglutinin-inhibiting antibody to each of the three antigenic strains. Seroconversion was defined as a fourfold or greater increase in serum antibody titer following vaccination. In the phenytoin-treated patients, the mean (+/- S.D.) serum phenytoin concentration before vaccination was 9.9 +/- 6.1 micrograms/mL. Prevaccination geometric mean titers were high enough in both groups to indicate that these patients had been exposed to these or related antigens, and medical records confirmed that some of the patients had been vaccinated the year before. The percent of patients demonstrating seroconversion to each antigen at week 4 was low in both groups, and there were no significant differences between the two groups. The cumulative seroconversion responses observed up to week 24 were also not significantly different. Long-term phenytoin therapy should not affect the efficacy of influenza vaccine in patients who have been previously exposed to infection or vaccination with identical or related strains.
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PMID:Phenytoin therapy and immune response to influenza vaccine. 398 19


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