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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Benign epilepsies during infancy are a wide topic, which needs both clinical and nosological clarifications. Already in 1963 Fukuyama reported patients with seizures during infancy with a benign outcome. In the late 80s and early 90s, Watanabe reported series of infants with complex partial seizures or partial seizures with secondary generalization, with a normal development before onset and a benign outcome. In the same years Vigevano focused on familial cases: he described several families with seizures with onset around the 6-month of age, and autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. To define this condition, he coined the term "benign familial infantile seizures" (BFIS). Afterwards, studying families with this phenotype, loci on chromosomes 19, 16 and 2 responsible for BFIS were detected. Similar loci were found in families affected by BFIS and subsequent choreoathetosis, and BFIS associated with familial hemiplegic migraine. In most recent years a new form of benign epilepsy has been proposed, with an intermediate onset between the neonatal and infantile age, which was defined with the term benign familial neonatal-infantile seizures (BFNIS). This condition could have some clinical and genetic features overlapping with BFIS. Seizures with a benign outcome have been reported also in infants during episode of mild gastroenteritis (BIS with MG) frequently with positive Rotavirus antigen. Lastly, sleep EEG abnormalities have been reported in children with a peculiar form of epilepsy by Capovilla, who defined this condition as benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep (BIMSE). Some of these entities have been included in the last classification proposed by the ILAE and have been differentiated in familial and non-familial forms. The aim of this review is to describe these entities, discuss their nosological aspects, pointing out the similarities and differences with benign neonatal seizures and benign focal epilepsies appearing later in life such as early-onset benign occipital seizure susceptibility syndrome (EBOSS), or benign epilepsy of childhood with centro-temporal spikes (BECTS).
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PMID:The spectrum of benign infantile seizures. 1683 67

The aim of this study is to reveal detailed clinical manifestations and an evolution of ictal EEG discharges of convulsions with mild gastroenteritis (CwG). We recorded ictal EEGs of six patients with CwG. Clinical manifestations included loss of responsiveness, motion arrest, cyanosis, lateral eye deviation, and hemifacial convulsion. Automatism was not observed in any patients. A generalized tonic-clonic convulsion was observed in five of six patients. Ictal EEGs demonstrated that all seizures were of focal onset that evolved into a secondarily generalized seizure. The region of the onset of ictal discharge was the occipital area in three patients, parietal in one, central in one, and frontal in one, respectively. The seizure of patients with CwG is likely to be a partial seizure with secondary generalization.
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PMID:Ictal EEG in patients with convulsions with mild gastroenteritis. 1691 10

There is currently increasing interest in identifying and classifying pediatric benign epilepsy syndromes and recently several new syndromes have been recognized. Benign epilepsy syndromes, by definition, occur in children with normal developmental history, respond well to therapy, and remit without sequelae. The large majority of children with benign epilepsy syndromes follow a truly benign course. The concept of benign epilepsy syndromes has, however, been challenged by the minority of patients who continue to have seizures despite therapy, develop new seizures after initial remission, or exhibit neuropsychological abnormalities. Without long-term follow-up, benignity can not be truly ascertained a priori. Thus it may be preferable to use the terms possible and probable before the name of a specific syndrome until such time that the diagnosis of a definite benign syndrome is confirmed on long-term follow-up. In this review of the pediatric benign localization-related epilepsy syndromes, we address the concept of benignity and the process of diagnosis of a benign epilepsy syndrome. In addition we review the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, EEG findings, work-up, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis, genetics, management and prognosis of benign infantile familial convulsions, benign partial epilepsy in infancy with complex partial seizures, benign partial epilepsy in infancy with secondarily generalized seizures, benign infantile convulsions associated with mild gastroenteritis, and benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep.
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PMID:Benign pediatric localization-related epilepsies. Part I. Syndromes in infancy. 1698 37

Hemolytic uremic syndrome is caused primarily by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7. The most common cause of acute renal failure in children, hemolytic uremic syndrome also can occur in adults. Characteristic features of the syndrome are microangiopathic anemia, thrombotic thrombocytopenia, and renal failure. Although the presentation of this syndrome is diverse, the classic prodromal illness is bloody diarrhea following ingestion of hamburger meat contaminated with E. coli O157:H7, the most common mode of infection in the United States. Children with hemolytic uremic syndrome generally present with gastroenteritis complaints (e.g., abdominal pain or tenderness, nausea or vomiting, fever, anemia); affected adults may be asymptomatic. Complications from hemolytic uremic syndrome can include intussusception, chronic renal failure, and seizures in severe cases. Because an incubation period of approximately one week occurs between the start of diarrhea and the onset of hemolytic uremic syndrome, physicians should maintain a high index of suspicion; early laboratory testing is important to diagnose and manage this syndrome. Obtaining a complete blood count and stool culture and performing Shiga toxin testing are the first of a series of tests that may help diagnose hemolytic uremic syndrome.
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PMID:Hemolytic uremic syndrome: an emerging health risk. 1700 34

The object of this study was to monitor the safety and efficacy of long-term use of an oromucosal cannabis-based medicine (CBM) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). A total of 137 MS patients with symptoms not controlled satisfactorily using standard drugs entered this open-label trial following a 10-week, placebo-controlled study. Patients were assessed every eight weeks using visual analogue scales and diary scores of main symptoms, and were followed for an average of 434 days (range: 21 -814). A total of 58 patients (42.3%) withdrew due to lack of efficacy (24); adverse events (17); withdrew consent (6); lost to follow-up (3); and other (8). Patients reported 292 unwanted effects, of which 251 (86%) were mild to moderate, including oral pain (28), dizziness (20), diarrhoea (17), nausea (15) and oromucosal disorder (12). Three patients had five 'serious adverse events' between them--two seizures, one fall, one aspiration pneumonia, one gastroenteritis. Four patients had first-ever seizures. The improvements recorded and dosage taken in the acute study remained stable. Planned, sudden interruption of CBM for two weeks in 25 patients (of 62 approached) did not cause a consistent withdrawal syndrome, although 11 (46%) patients reported at least one of--tiredness, interrupted sleep, hot and cold flushes, mood alteration, reduced appetite, emotional lability, intoxication or vivid dreams. Twenty-two (88%) patients re-started CBM treatment. We conclude that long-term use of an oromucosal CBM (Sativex) maintains its effect in those patients who perceive initial benefit. The precise nature and rate of risks with long-term use, especially epilepsy, will require larger and longer-term studies.
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PMID:Long-term use of a cannabis-based medicine in the treatment of spasticity and other symptoms in multiple sclerosis. 1708 95

The aims of the present study are to identify predisposing factors of febrile seizures in influenza A infection and to clarify the special characteristics of febrile seizures in children with influenza A infection. Between January and July 2005, children hospitalized because of febrile seizures and subsequently confirmed influenza A infection were enrolled as subjects. Age-matched control subjects were those admitted as a result of influenza A infection but no febrile seizures (control 1) and children who developed febrile seizures with negative viral studies (control 2). Significant factors for the development of febrile seizures include: history of febrile seizures, family history of seizure disorders, and coexisting gastroenteritis. Independent risk factor for febrile seizures was history of febrile seizures (odds ratio 7.58, 95% confidence interval CI 1.48 to 38.84, P = 0.015). When compared with children who developed febrile seizures with negative virus studies, children who developed febrile seizures in influenza A infection had a significantly higher maximum body temperature, shorter duration of fever before seizure onset, and more frequent occurrence of partial seizures. Current episode represented first seizure in 26.5% of children infected with influenza A as compared with 50% of children whose virus studies were negative (P = 0.04). The findings suggest that effective vaccination may prevent development of febrile seizures, especially in those patients with past history of febrile seizures. Rapid diagnostic testing for influenza infection in the management of complex febrile seizures, especially during influenza season, is cost-effective.
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PMID:Influenza A and febrile seizures in childhood. 1713 8

"Benign convulsions with mild gastroenteritis (CwG)" is recognized as a benign situation-related seizure. Neuroimaging studies usually do not reveal any abnormalities. We report MRI diffusion-weighted image (DWI) findings of two patients who were clinically diagnosed with CwG. DWI demonstrated a transient abnormality in the splenium of the corpus callosum. Although viral encephalitis or encephalopathy should be carefully differentiated in patients clinically diagnosed with CwG, frequent seizures might cause transient splenial abnormality in patients with CwG.
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PMID:Transient splenial lesions in children with "benign convulsions with gastroenteritis". 1730 24

We review the types and causes of convulsive status epilepticus (CSE) in infants and young children in Japan, and discuss the current recommendations for the use of intravenous (IV) drugs in managing this condition, and report on our clinical experiences. There are prolonged or continuous CSE and clustered or intermittent CSE, and treatments are different between them. In Japan, fosphenytoin and IV preparation of lorazepam and phenobarbital are not available. Recently, midazolam and lidocaine (LDC) have been widely used, although neither of these drugs have official approval for the management of CSE. Febrile seizures and epilepsies are common causes of CSE in infants and young children in Japan, followed by benign infantile convulsions (BIC), convulsions with gastroenteritis (CwG), and acute encephalitis with refractory CSE and intractable epilepsy (AECSEE), which are familiar disorders in Japan. BIC and CwG frequently present with clustered CSE and do not respond to IV diazepam, but have an excellent response with oral carbamazepine or IV LDC. CSE in AECSEE requires control with barbiturate coma. The Research Committee on Clinical Evidence of Medical Treatment for Status Epilepticus in Childhood has developed a proposed guideline for the treatment of CSE in childhood in Japan by an evidence-based approach and consensus conference. Initial management of seizures should be attempted mainly with IV diazepam, the second-line treatment involves IV midazolam followed by IV phenytoin if seizures persist, and the third-line treatment requires barbiturate coma. However, our experience of 247 episodes of CSE in 77 patients, predominantly with chronic epilepsy, required different second-line treatments for prolonged CSE compared with clustered CSE: the former were treated with IV midazolam or pentobarbital, and the latter were given IV phenytoin or LDC. We propose modifications to the guideline for CSE that the second-line treatment is divided by prolonged CSE and clustered CSE, and that the procedures for brain protection and systemic management are added.
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PMID:Treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in infants and young children in Japan. 1736 78

Panayiotopoulos syndrome is a relatively frequent and benign epileptic syndrome, characterised by predominantly autonomic symptoms and/or simple motor focal seizures followed or not by impairment of consciousness. Interictal EEG shows occipital spikes although multifocal spikes with high amplitude sharp-slow wave complexes at various locations can be present. This syndrome can imitate gastroenteritis, encephalitis, syncope, migraine, sleep disorders or metabolic diseases. The peculiar aspects should be known not only by epileptologists but also by general doctors because a correct diagnosis would avoid aggressive interventions and concerns on account of its benign outcome. This review focuses on the main clinical and EEG features of this epilepsy underlining its typical and atypical symptoms and its management.
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PMID:Panayiotopoulos syndrome: diagnosis and management. 1746 69

It is known that rotavirus gastroenteritis can accompany some neurological manifestations, including encephalitis/encephalopathy or seizures. However, the detailed pathogenesis involved has not been fully understood. To date, acute cerebellitis associated rotavirus gastroenteritis has not been previously reported, except for one case. Herein, we describe two cases of acute encephalitis/encephalopathy and concurrent cerebellitis, associated rotavirus gastroenteritis. Following vomiting and diarrhea, case 1 experienced convulsions and consciousness disturbance and case 2, transient loss of consciousness with eye deviation. After these symptoms subsided, cerebellar signs became evident and a brain MRI showed cerebellar involvement in both cases. Both cases showed speech disturbances, such as mutism, slow speech and dysarthria. In this report, we will discuss the possible pathogenesis of rotavirus associated acute encephalitis/encephalopathy and concurrent cerebellitis.
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PMID:Rotavirus associated acute encephalitis/encephalopathy and concurrent cerebellitis: report of two cases. 1753 86


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