Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Childhood epilepsies (not including the first 2 years of life) are outlined and discussed; particular emphasis is laid upon the variety of certain forms of epileptic conditions and their clinical course. These forms are divided as follows: a) The Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a poly-etiological condition with distinct clinical-ictal and electroencephalographic characteristics, mostly associated with mental defects and prognostically unfavorable. b) "Common generalized epilepsy" (also called "centrencephalic" epilepsy), characterized by petit mal absences or a combination of petit mal and grand mal and with a predominantly favorable prognosis. c)Childhood epilepsies with focal spikes in the EEG, in most cases a very benign form with an excellent prognosis. These 3 forms of seizure disorders may be divided in subgroups. The distinction of fine diagnostic nuances is quite helpful but requires well integrated epileptological and EEG experience. The special role of temporal lobe epilepsy is briefly discussed. Furthermore, several etiologies of childhood etiologies are singled out such as inborn errors of metabolism (lipidoses, amino-acidurias), essential hereditary myoclonus epilepsy, tuberous sclerosis, Sturg-Weber's disease, encephalitis, brain tumor and brain abscess. The fringe of the seizure ("borderland of epilepsy") is briefly delineated.
 ...
PMID:[Epilepsies in childhood: differential diagnosis of their forms and courses (author's transl)]. 82 45

Clonazepam or 5-(2-chlorphenyl)-1, 3-dihydro-7-nitro-2H-1,4benzodiazepin-2-one, is a close structural and pharmacological relative of nitrazepam. It has a broad spectrum of activity against the various types of epilepsy, and is effective in many patients whose condition has proved resistant to other antiepileptic drugs. Its chief uses are in status epilepticus, in which intravenous clonazepam may replace diazepam as the drug of first choice, and in the minor motor seizures of childhood, particularly petit mal absences, the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and infantile spasms. Clonazepam is also at least as effective as current treatment in psychomotor and myoclonic epilepsies, but seems unlikely to replace phenytoin and the barbiturates in the treatment of grand mal or focal motor seizures except in patients resistant to standard therapy. Initial success with clonazepam can be followed by loss of effect, but benefit can often be restored, at least initially, by temporary interruption and re-institution of treatment. Side-effects are common with clonazepam. Most patients experience drowsiness and fatigue, which are frequent causes of withdrawal, together with lesser incidences of ataxia, dystonia, hypotonia, and hyperactivity. These effects usually disappear with continued therapy, and are minimised by gradual introduction of the drug over 2-4 weeks. Hypersalivation and excessive bronchial secretion may be a problem in children and infants.
 ...
PMID:Clonazepam: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in epilepsy. 97 34

The long-term prognosis of 185 children with epilepsy, who continued to attend the Clinic for Epileptic Children, the Department of Pediatrics, the University of Tokyo, beyond the age of 18 years, was reported. The length of follow-up varied from three to 20 years, but most of them were followed longer than 10 years. The presumed etiology in these children was divided into a cryptogenic group (124, 67.0%) and a symptomatic group (61). The types of seizures were classified into grand mal (86 cases), focal seizure (27), petit mal absence (4), psychomotro seizure (5), infantile spasms (7), and so on. It may be noted that the highest frequency of grand mal was demonstrated, while the incidences of infantile spasms, myoclonic seizure, and akinetic seizure were low in the series. Only 28 children (15.1%) had complications of physical and/or mental handicaps. The follow-up study revealed that 140 patients (75.7%) had been seizure-free in the last 12 months. One hundred and fifteen of them had no seizures for five years or longer. On the other hand, electroencephalographic abnormalities generally continued for a long time after disappearance of seizures. Eightly-one of well-controlled patients were gradually decreasing the doses of anticonvulsants. As for seizure types, it is noted that focal seizure, psychomotor seizure, and infantile spasms were relatively difficult to be controlled. Except for 27 patients, most of them attended normal schools, including junior colleges or universities, and engaged in various occupations. Fifteen female patients had already married, and out of 13 babies who were born from these patients, there were one with ventricular septal defect, one with mental deficiency, and one with anencephaly, while the rest were entirely normal. Additional problems on withdrawal of anticonvulsants after a long-term seizure-free period, and what a medical system should be for treatment of epilepsy in children up to their adulthood were discussed.
 ...
PMID:Long-term prognosis of epilepsy in children--a follow-up report beyond 18 years of age. 99 13

Forty-eight patients, 4 to 24 years of age, with recurring absence seizures were studied prospectively for twenty-seven months. Each patient and his EEG were recorded simultaneously by a multicamera videotape technique and each recording was repeatedly viewed and described in writing by two observers who subsequently resolved any differences by joint viewing. From the 48 patients, 374 clinical absence seizures were recorded and classified according to the International Classification of Epileptic Seizures. Automatisms accompanied at least one attack in 88 per cent of the patients. Mild clonic components occurred in 71 per cent, and decreased postural tone in 41 per cent. Only one patient experienced an attack comprising only "blank staring" accompanied by unawareness and amnesia, but 40 per cent of patients exhibited this type of attack in addition to more complex absence attacks. Seizures of ten seconds or less in duration occurred among 85 per cent of patients. Each of the 374 seizures were readily classified according to the International Classification, but simple absence constituted only 9-4 per cent of the seizures. The others most often contained, in order of prevalence, either automatisms, mild clonic components, or decreased postural tone, or a combination of two or more of these features. The relationship between increased duration of the seizures and the occurrence of automatisms was significant. The findings are discussed in relation to differential diagnosis and mechanisms of automatisms. Absence seizures differ from complex partial (temporal lobe, psychomotor) seizures because an aura does not precede the abruptly beginning absence attack, the seizure usually lasts less than ten seconds, and mental clarity returns instantly at the end of the seizure.
 ...
PMID:Simultaneous recording of absence seizures with video tape and electroencephalography. A study of 374 seizures in 48 patients. 118 86

Fifty-two patients (age-range four months to 17 years) with drug-resistant convulsive disorders were treated for up to four years (average 15 months) with clonazepam, a benzodiazepine derivative. The types of seizures suffered by these patients were atypical petit mal, akinetic, massive infantile spasms, mixed minor motor seizures, myoclonic jerks, psychomotor, classic petit mal and grand mal. Evaluation of seizure control by clonazepam showed that the large majority of patients had improved--complete control of seizures was achieved in 27 per cent, and a greater than 50 per cent control was achieved in 61 per cent of the patients. Ten per cent of the patients showed no change and one patient worsened. Eight patients were successfully managed on clonazepam alone. Lethargy and ataxia were common side-effects but usually they were transient. No serious organic toxicity was noted.
 ...
PMID:Treatment of minor motor seizures with clonazepam. 120 84

A single or rhythmical (1-3/sec) stimulation of the caudate nucleus in unrestrained rats facilitated formation of slow negative waves and the spike-wave complexes in the EEG of the sensory-motor cortex and contralateral neostriatum, as well as development of behavioral disturbances due to subseisure doses of pentylentetrazol. During the low-frequency stimulation of the caudate nucleus or after its cessation, when giving the convulsant drug, regular potentials of the spike-wave type or a general seizure may occur. The caudate nucleus is supposed to be able to participate in the petit mal seizure mechanisms because of its syndhronizing influences on the cortex.
 ...
PMID:[The role of the caudate nucleus in the development of convulsive discharges]. 121 72

Tertiary butylurea has been investigated neuropharmacologically in mice and rats, and the results indicate that the compound possesses a marked CNS activity. It exhibited a pronounced activity against pentetrazole-induced convulsions and lethality, but the protection against strychnine-induced convulsions and lethality, was only partial. A significant prolongation of pentobarbital sleeping time by a subsedative dose of tert-butylurea was also observed. Protection afforded by tert-butylurea against tremorine-induced tremors and the intensity of its analgesic activity were both of moderate degree. In a subsedative dose range, tert-butylurea exhibited motor incoordination and behavioral effects with a decrease in the minor and the major movements of animals, as apparent from the treadmill and activity meter experiments respectively. The compound, however, does not seem to be a potent sedative-hypnotic agent, although there is a fairly good margin of safety between the hypnotic and the lethal dose orally. The anti-pentetrazole activity of tert-butylurea suggests its possible effectiveness against 'petit mal' seizures and, therefore, calls for additional studies to evaluate the anticonvulsant activity of tert-butylurea.
 ...
PMID:Studies on the neuropharmacology of tert-butylurea in mice. 126 34

The mutant mouse tottering, (tg/tg), and the compound heterozygote mouse (tg/tg1a) exhibit three neurological disorders: ataxia, petit mal-like absence seizures and myoclonic intermittent movement disorders which are independent of the absence seizures. The tottering mouse carries an autosomal recessive single gene mutation on chromosome 8, and behavioral symptoms are first observed in the 3rd to 4th week of age. Using an additional genetic marker, Oligosyndactyly (Os), it is possible to distinguish tg/tg and tg/tg1a mice from wild-type mice at birth; nonaffected heterozygous littermates carry the Os mutation while tottering and compound heterozygous mice do not carry the Os gene. Similar to neurons found elsewhere in the brain, cerebellar Purkinje cells in both the wild-type and mutant mice were found to decrease in diameter with maturation. Forebrain weight, hindbrain weight, Purkinje cell dimensions and the thickness of the molecular layer in the paramedian lobule of the cerebellum in mutant mice were found to be reduced in mutants after, but not prior to the onset of behavioral symptoms.
 ...
PMID:Development of the paramedian lobule of the cerebellum in wild-type and tottering mice. 130 63

We have used the technique of autoradiography to study the binding of [3H]-GABA to GABAA and GABAB receptors in brains taken from rats that are genetically predisposed to petit mal type seizures. A range of concentrations of [3H]-GABA were employed to test the hypothesis that this predisposition was due to regional changes in either the number of GABAA or GABAB receptors, or affinity of GABA for these receptors. We found no statistical difference in the levels of radioligand binding to GABAA and GABAB receptors in animals susceptible to seizures compared to control animals in any of the brain regions studied over the concentration range 25 nM to 400 nM. This indicated that there was no change in either the Kd (affinity) or Bmax (receptor number) in these animals and that the pharmacological basis for the efficacy of GABAB antagonists in this seizure condition probably lies elsewhere.
 ...
PMID:GABA receptors in rats with spontaneous generalized nonconvulsive epilepsy. 132 80

The GABA withdrawal syndrome (GWS) is a new model of focal epilepsy in which paroxysmal activity is induced through the interruption of a chronic, intracortical infusion of GABA. Preliminary studies have shown extraordinary resistance of this epileptogenic activity to classic anticonvulsants including diazepam, the most effective agent for treating status epilepticus. However, GWS can be inhibited by GABA itself. The rat with petit mal-like seizures is a genetic model of generalized non-convulsive epilepsy (GNCE), with behavioral characteristics and electrical (spike-and-wave discharges) signs resembling absences. Moreover, GABAmimetics aggravate this type of seizure. Rats with GWS induced by cessation of a localized GABA infusion (50 micrograms/microliters/h for 24 h), and the rat model of GNCE, were treated with HEPP, a new anticonvulsant agent. In the case of GWS, the drug produced a significant decrease of focal spike activity in animals which started discharging at low frequencies while in rats with higher frequency discharge, HEPP was without effect. HEPP administered on the second day of the GWS in naive rats had no effect. In rats with GNCE, doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg i.p. blocked the spike-and-wave discharges. The higher dose produced sedation in this absence seizures model. Although the mechanism of action of HEPP is still unknown, its unique antiepileptic profile deserves further studies.
 ...
PMID:Effects of 3-hydroxy,3-ethyl,3-phenylpropionamide (HEPP) on rat models of generalized and focal epilepsy. 139 31


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>