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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The patient was a 35-year-old, unmarried male whose epileptic psychomotor fits persisted since the age of 13. The author has observed the case for about 12 years, so that incomplete information concerning epileptic symptoms was considered to be compensated considerably by longitudinal observation, including ictal seizure and ictal EEG's. In this patient seizure with impaired consciousness which correspond rhythmic slow waves of EEG tracing might be a nuclear sign; several kinds of automatism then might be considered as postictal phenomenon. The most important of all was tonic seizure of psychomotor epilepsy particularly in the face which was not seen in the petit mal epilepsy. With observation of ictal period as well as ictal EEG, differential identification of centrencephalic epilepsy and psychomotor epilepsy may not be totally impossible. The case also showed a typical productive psychotic episodes of Landolt, which could be treated favorably by 10 mg of intravenous Haloperidol. This method, named as "pathologization" of Helmchen, was found by the present author as a useful treatmental means of choice.
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PMID:Ictal clinical patterns and ictal EEG in a case of partial seizures of frontotemporal origin associated with complex symptomatology. 59 Aug 79

Clonazepam, a new anticonvulsant, appears to be useful for childhood minor motor seizures and for petit mal refractory to Ethosuximide and Trimethadione. It appears less effective in infantile spasms though may be beneficial when there is no response to steroids. It is variably effective in partial complex and focal epilepsy and may exacerbate tonic seizures. A transient disadvantage is the high incidence of side effects, especially lethargy and ataxia, though these may be transitory. Aggressivity and hyperkinesis may necessitate medication withdrawal. Some children who initially respond to therapy and then relapse may respond again to a higher dosage.
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PMID:The utility of clonazepam in epilepsy of various types. Observations with 22 childhood cases. 61 1

Studies were conducted on a colony of purebred beagle dogs. Animals with spontaneous seizures were classed as epileptic beagles (EB). Those without spontaneous seizures were termed nonepileptic beagles (NEB). The median convulsant current for maximal electroshock seizure (MES) threshold was 175(194-158)mA for EB and 390 (417-364) mA for NEB. Similarly the median convulsant dose of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) was 7.9 (10.1-6.2) mg/kg for EB and 20.2 (24.2-17.6) mg/kg for NEB. Following pretreatment with graded doses of ropizine (SC 13504), the median protective dose against MES was 6.0(9.2-3.9) mg/kg in EB and 3.2(4.8-2.1) mg/kg in NEB. Based on the incidence of ataxia, EB had a median toxic dose (TD50) of 14.0(16.5-11.9) mg/kg, while in NEB it was 18.0(23.6-13.7)mg/kg. The TD50 doses were unable to protect against a convulsive dose of PTZ. It is concluded first that ropizine may have anti-grand mal activity but apparently lacks an anti-petit mal action. Secondly, EB are more sensitive than NEB to the convulsive effects of electric current and PTZ, yet less responsive to the anticonvulsant actions of ropizine.
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PMID:Anticonvulsant properties of ropizine in epileptic and nonepileptic beagle dogs. 63 71

7 adult cases with petit mal status are described; most of these patients had clinical recurrences of petit mal seizures after time intervals ranging from 15 to 50 years. Electroencephalography (EEG) and computerized transverse axial tomography (CT) findings are described and correlated. All CT studies showed frontal lobe abnormalities. When speaking of absence status in the adult, it is useful to distinguish between such an event within the course of primary generalized epilepsy and its reactivation after a very long seizure-free period at an older age. Such reactivations occur preferentially in women. CT supplies more structural information on the living brain and thus we could identify a dysplastic configuration of the skull and hemispheres in a 28-year-old patient and frontocortical and moderate subcortical lesions in the older age-group. The role of the frontal lobe in releasing spike-and-wave discharges of different degrees of generalization appears to be a new aspect worthy of further investigation.
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PMID:Absence status in the adult. New results including computerized transverse axial tomography. 65 57

Immediate EEG changes after intravenous administration of clonazepam and a correlation between the EEG changes and the effect of oral administration of the drug were studied in 21 children with minor seizures whose interictal EEG showed a paroxysmal abnormality. In 13 cases of infantile spasms whose EEG showed hypasrhythmia, paroxysmal discharges were completely or remarkably suppressed in 4 cases, partially suppressed in 3 cases, but not improved in 6 cases. Suppression bursts pattern was less improved. In 5 cases of Lennox syndrome, paroxysmal discharges were markedly improved in 3 cases. In a case of petit mal absence, parxoxysmal discharges were completely suppressed. In all 5 cases whose EEGs were completely improved, paroxysmal discharges reappeared 7 to 30 min after the intravenous injection. In 2 out of the 5 cases, paroxysmal discharges became severer at reappearance than before the injection. Among 12 cases whose EEG showed an improvement after the intravenous injection, their clinical seizures were improved in 9 cases, but the clinical effect was mostly transient. In the majority of the cases whose EEGs were not improved, no clinical effect was observed. There was a highly significant correlation between immediate EEG changes and clinical effect of clonazepam (p less than 0.02 by the chi-square test).
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PMID:Immediate changes of the electroencephalograms after intravenous injection of clonazepam and their relation to its effect on clinical fits in children with minor seizures. 69 24

Acute dose--response studies were conducted to determine if ethosuximide had anticonvulsant activity against seizures evoked by stroboscopic stimulation of epileptic fowl and to correlate the observed effects with the concentration of the drug in the plasma. Ethosuximide, in doses that produced mean plasma concentrations of 366 microgram/ml and signs of sedation, did not reduce seizure susceptibility. Twice daily administration of ethosuximide produced mean plasma concentrations of 430 microgram/ml after 36 h without affecting seizure susceptibility even in the presence of marked sedation. Previous studies have shown that epileptic fowl are sensitive to the anticonvulsant effects of phenobarbital, phenytoin, and primidone at plasma concentrations similar to those required in humans. Since ethosuximide has a high specificity against petit mal seizures in humans, the failure of ethosuximide to provide protection indicates that epileptic fowl represent a relatively specific pharmacological model for drugs effective against generalized tonic--clonic and focal cortical epilepsies in humans.
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PMID:Epileptiform seizures in domestic fowl. IX. Implications of the absence of anticonvulsant activity of ethosuximide in a pharmacological model of epilepsy. 70 30

A 15-year-old girl was given two 250-mg doses of ethosuximide because of petit mal seizures. Within hours of taking the first pill she developed an acute reaction involving dyskinetic movements of the face, arms, and legs. These were abruptly and completely relieved by an intravenous injection of diphenhydramine hydrochloride.
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PMID:Dyskinesia-an unusual reaction to ethosuximide. 80 94

The author describes a system for testing patients with petit mal seizures. The system has the following advantages: 1) EEG paper speed is automatically increased from 2.5 mm/s to 25 mm/s when brainwave activity increases, with the increased speed maintainable for up to 4.0 sec after the last seizure burst. Control studies with constant speed and two-speed systems operating simultaneously demonstrate that no significant distortion occurs at the moment of change in speed. The convenience of handling a greatly reduced volume of paper is obvious. 2) An auditory stimulus, either a pure tone burst of 1000 HZ or loud music, is also triggered by an increase in amplitude of brainwave activity. Testing of 15 patients shows a significant decrease (p less than 0.01) in duration of seizure activity when the stimulus is activated.
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PMID:New systems for a two-speed electroencephalograph with an auditory device for diminishing the length of seizures. 80 84

The therapeutic efficacy of orally administered clonazepam has been evaluated in 32 epileptic patients, with substantial improvement in 22. The drug is active in all types of seizures, particularly in myoclonus, petit mal absences, and partial complex epilepsy; it seems the drug of choice in generalized infantile organic epilepsy, although the treatment of these patients is still unsatisfactory. In some patients, the drug seemed less effective after months of therapy. Drowsiness is the main side effect.
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PMID:Treatment of epileptic seizures with clonazepam. A reappraisal. 80 77

The author describes a case in which the "crazy" behavior of a woman with petit mal status (PMS) was initially misinterpreted in an emergency room situation. The diagnosis of PMS was confirmed by electroencephalography. The author notes the need to consider the possibility of this diagnosis when there is a history of seizures in conjunction with an altered state of consciousness.
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PMID:A case of petit-mal status: a diagnostic dilemma. 81 40


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