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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Interictal spikes with a configuration similar to that occurring in grand mal epilepsy were generated by the application of penicillin to a hippocampal slice preparation. This slice preparation has potential value for screening anticonvulsant drugs and for studying epileptic activity. The effect of anticonvulsant drugs on seizure activity was tested at concentrations comparable to reported clinical serum concentrations. Phenytoin and diazepam were maximally effective at concentrations of 20 microgram/ml and 3-4 microgram/ml, respectively, in good agreement with their effective concentrations in clinical practice. Phenobarbital was more potent (5 microgram/ml) and mesuximide (50% potent at 80 microgram/ml) was least effective.
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PMID:The hippocampal slice: a system for studying the pharmacology of seizures and for screening anticonvulsant drugs. 57 41

A double-blind study of the antiepileptic effect and side effects of carbamazepine (CARB) and diphenylhydantoin (DPH) was undertaken in 38 patients with psychomotor epilepsy and without grand mal epilepsy except for a single previous seizure. The patients were treated with CARB and DPH only, each in periods of 16 weeks and with a crossover of 4 weeks. The initial dosage of 6 mg/kg DPH or 15 mg/kg CARB was corrected according to the serum values aiming at therapeutic intervals of 8-16 mg/1 DPH and 6-10 mg/1 CARB. The trial had to be discontinued in 12 patients. The effect of the two drugs in preventing psychomotor seizures was the same. Some patients, however, had considerably fewer seizures while on CARB; others had fewer seizures on DPH. It seems advisable, therefore, to try both drugs separately before proceeding to combined medication. During CARB treatment the selected therapeutic interval was more easily reached and maintained than during DPH. During the latter treatment, one-third of the monthly serum value determinations were below the level in spite of dosage corrections. Side effects were equally mild and occurred as often during DPH as during CARB treatment.
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PMID:A comparative controlled study between carbamazepine and diphenylhydantoin in psychomotor epilepsy. 78 Jan 3

The results from systematic determinations of the serum level of phenytoin in 121 epileptic children are reported. The range 12-25 mg/l is effective in most of the children, responding at all to phenytoin, and causes few and minimal side effects. Practically all children with pure grand mal epilepsy could be kept seizure-free on an optimal dose of phenytoin alone. Possibly the level aimed at should be higher in severe cases than in mild ones. Our initial dose was 10 mg/kg daily; this dose was adjusted according to the serum level until the desired range was reached. Phenytoin produced a lower serum level than the same dose of its sodium salt. Interaction possibly occurs with carbamazepine, which tended to decrease the level, and with acetazolamide, which tended to increase the level. With the help of serum phenytoin determinations an individual dose can be chosen for each patient and phenytoin therapy be rendered safer and more effective.
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PMID:Systematic determination of the serum phenytoin level as an aid in the management of children with epilepsy. 80 79

In 117 patients with grand mal and psychomotor epilepsy the effect of carbamazepine alone or in combination with phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin was registered and correlated to the plasma level of carbamazepine. Carbamazepine was found to be an effective anticonvulsant in the treatment of grand mal epilepsy. The therapeutic level was higher than 4 mg/1. Carbamazepine given alone was rather ineffective in the treatment of psychomotor seizures.
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PMID:Plasma level and effect of carbamazepine in grand mal and psychomotor epilepsy. 81 Oct 75

In a controlled clinical investigation based on 14 patients with focal seizures and 3 patients with secondary generalized grand mal epilepsy, all with insufficient response to conventional anti-epileptic treatment, clonazepam (Rivotril(R)) combined with previous anti-epileotic drugs was compared with placebo combined with the same drugs. The trial was singleblind cross-over with sequential analyses. With a daily dose, depending upon age, of usually 3-6 mg, the antiepileptic effect of Clonazepam was significantly superior to placebo and was estimated as remarkably good. Side-effects in the form of somnolence, fatique, drowsiness and co-ordination disturbances occurred in most of the patients but subsided spontaneously or could be managed by slow increase or slight reduction in dosage.
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PMID:A controlled trial on clonazepam INN (Ro 5-4023, Rivotril (R)) in the treatment of focal epilepsy and secondary generalized grand mal epilepsy. 81 Oct 76

Seizure disorders may present with signs and symptoms that are usually associated with psychiatric disorders. Physicians must be alert to this possibility; they should use careful history taking in conjunction with EEGs to avoid misdiagnosing certain cases of psychomotor, petit male, and grand mal epilepsy.
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PMID:Psychiatric presentations of seizure disorders. 81 10

Previous work has demonstrated that thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and its beta-alanine analogue (beta-ala TRH) are potent antagonists of barbiturate-induced sedation. This study sought to determine the effects of these oligopeptides on the anticonvulsant properties of phenobarbital in the maximal electroshock seizure (MES) test. Pro-leu-gly-NH2, another hypothalmic peptide was also examined. None of the peptides studied had any anticonvulsant properties of their own, but TRH and beta-ala TRH, though not pro-leu-gly-NH2, potentiated the anticonvulsant potency of phenobarbital. Thyrotropin (TSH) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) were in effective, suggesting that the effects observed with TRH are not mediated via the pituitary-thyroid axis. Since phenobarbital treatment of grand mal epilepsy is often limited by sedation and since TRH antogonizes sedation and enhances anticonvulsant effects of the barbiturate, the hormone or a congener may find value as an adjunct in therapy.
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PMID:Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and its beta-alanine analogue: potentiation of the anticonvulsant potency of phenobarbital in mice. 81 74

Types of seizures, age at onset of epilepsy, preoperative duration of epilepsy, and age at operation were studied in the literature and in 74 patients who underwent unilateral temporal lobe resection in 1960-1969 in Denmark. The medical and surgical series were compared. The age at onset was significantly lower in the surgical series. Prognostically favourable factors were: i) preoperative presence of a single type of seizure; ii) duration of epilepsy of less than 4 years, and in grand mal epilepsy of less than 1 year; iii) operation for epilepsy in or before early adulthood. Prognostically unfavourable factors were i) preoperative presence of grand mal; ii) age at onset of epilepsy or of the first grand mal seizure between 5 and 20 years; iii) preoperative duration of psychomotor epilepsy over 10 years.
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PMID:Temporal lobe epilepsy: types of seizures, age, and surgical results. 81 58

Between 3700 and 3900 children are admitted annually to this children's hospital. During the past four years a total of 455 children with convulsions were admitted for investigation. 255 of these cases were calcified as epilepsy, 202 as febrile convulsions and 28 as neonatal convulsions. A quarter of the epileptic children showed fits of the petit mal type. There were only 5 cases of infantile propulsive petit mal. High frequency of fits and, in particular, status epilepticus, were very rarely seen in the present study. A case of self-induced photosensitive epilepsy, later combined with psychomotor epilepsy, is referred to in detail. Of 149 children with grand mal epilepsy, 36 were classed as idiopathic, and 88 as symptomatic cases. 37 of the symptomatic cases showed focal epilepsy with generalisation. It was concluded from the clinical course and the EEG that the combined effects of familial predisposition towards fits and exogenous cerebral lesions were operative factors in 14 patients. Children with febrile, convulsions possessed an EEG suggestive of a familial predisposition towards fits in slightly more than 50% of the cases. No cause could be found for the seizures in 5 infants with neonatal convulsions, but the mother of one of these infants was an epileptic herself, undergoing treatment with anticonvulsive drugs in high dosage and a withdrawal syndrome was suspected in this particular case. 17 infants with neonatal convulsions were symptomless on leaving hospital and remained so during the first year of life. Of the remaining cases, 10 showed neurological disturbances and one died. There was only one case in which neonatal convulsions progressed directly to epilepsy. The peak incidence of the first appearance of fits occurred during the first year of life (136 children), with 18% of the entire case material presenting within the first 6 months. 108 children presented with fits for the first time during the second year of life. Thereafter, the tendency towards the development of fits for the first time in life declined with increasing age.
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PMID:[Aspects of epilepsy in childhood (author's transl)]. 81 19

Four members of a family with an autosomal dominant form of cerebellar degeneration all had slow eye-movements, i.e. slow pursuit with absence of both nystagmus and rapid saccadic movements. Three showed progressive mental deterioration. One patient had nevus of Ota (oculodermal melanocytosis) and a history of grand mal epilepsy. In these four patients the symptoms first occurred between the ages of 10 and 31 years--the onset apparently appearing earlier with successive generations. Current studies implicate a brain-stem lesion of the paramedian pontine reticular formation in the pathogenesis of the oculomotor abnormality. The possibility of a neurocutaneous syndrome, specifically a 'melanophakomatosis', in the patient with seizures and nevus of Ota is discussed; however, absence of these findings in other affected relatives makes a fortuitous association more probable. The literature on nevus of Ota associated with neurological disease is considered.
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PMID:Familial cerebellar degeneration with slow eye-movements, mental deterioration and incidental nevus of ota (oculo-dermal melanocytosis). 93 51


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