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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nonketotic hyperglycemia has a definite convulsive effect, which may manifest itself in generalized or focal seizures. This report deals specifically with focal convulsive phenomena. Two patients with nonketotic hyperglycemia focal seizures are described. Focal seizures are of motor Jackson, aphasic, adversive or of the 'epilepsia partialis continua' type. Different types of focal seizures may appear in one and the same patient. Focal epilepsy can be the first manifestation of a diabetic disorder. Focal epileptic seizures are linked with moderate nonketotic hyperglycemia with values of 360 mg% sugar and 310 osm. Higher values lead to generalized seizures and coma. The mechanisms are discussed and pertinent literature is reviewed.
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PMID:Moderate nonketotic hyperglycemia--a cause of focal epilepsy. Report of two cases and review of literature. 9 31

A previous study showed a strong relationship between human focal epilepsy and the presence in the cortex of "activated" astrocytes characterized by an intense activity of dehydrogenases (DH) involved in glucose metabolism and of glutamate DH. Using the semi-chronic model of cobalt-induced experimental focal epilepsy in the rat, we investigated a possible correlation between astrocyte modifications and the chronological development of the epileptic manifestations on the ECoG. After a few days the cobalt-implanted rats present spikes, then sharp waves followed by an electrical crisis and ultimately motor seizures. Activated astrocytes were found in each phase of this evolution. Their number increases with the intensity of the manifestations. There is a close relationship between activated astrocytes and focal epileptic phenomena. At this stage of our study it is clear that the presence of activated astrocytes is not a consequence of seizures. However, it is impossible to say whether the activation is secondary to the hyperactivity of the neurons or directly responsible for the constitution of the epileptic focus. In any case, activated astrocytes provide a new means of localizing an epileptogenic focus.
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PMID:Histochemical study of cobalt-induced focal epilepsy. 9 27

This report is a sequel to our 1958, 1960 and 1968 reports on a series of patients operated upon for focal epilepsy whose surgical specimens unexpectedly showed histological lesions typical of active encephalitis. None of these patients, now 27 in number, exhibited the clinical picture ordinarily associated with encephalitis. With one exception, all showed a severe focal seizure tendency beginning in infancy or childhood, often associated with episodes of epilepsia partialis continua. In addition, all except 2 showed slowly progressive neurological deterioration, usually hemiparesis and mental retardation, which advanced over periods of months or years before the progression became arrested. No infectious agent has yet been identified by standard viral studies carried out in the most recent 14 patients or by investigation for slow viruses in 6 patients operated upon between 1966 and 1971. The clinical course of this condition is outlined and the role, the timing and the results of treatment by craniotomy and cortical excision are discussed.
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PMID:Further observations on the syndrome of chronic encephalitis and epilepsy. 10 97

The mechanisms of the anticonvulsant activity of cannabidiol (CBD) and the central excitation of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) were investigated electrophysiologically with conscious, unrestrained cobalt epileptic rats. The well-known antiepileptics, trimethadione (TMO), ethosuximide (ESM), and phenytoin (PHT), were included as reference drugs. Direct measurements were made of spontaneously firing, epileptic potentials from a primary focus on the parietal cortex and convulsions were monitored visually. ESM and TMO decreased the frequency of focal potentials, but PHT and CBD exerted no such effect. Although CBD did not suppress the focal abnormality, it did abolish jaw and limb clonus; in contrast, delta 9-THC markedly increased the frequency of focal potentials, evoked generalized bursts of polyspikes, and produced frank convlusions. 11-OH-delta 9-THC, the major metabolite of delta 9-THC, displayed only one of the excitatory properties of the parent compound: production of bursts of polyspikes. In contrast to delta 9-THC and its 11-OH metabolite, CBD, even in very high doses, did not induce any excitatory effects or convulsions. The present study provides the first evidence that CBD exerts anticonvulsant activity against the motor manifestations of a focal epilepsy, and that the mechanism of the effect may involve a depression of seizure generation or spread in the CNS.
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PMID:The influence of cannabidiol and delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on cobalt epilepsy in rats. 11 6

Isolated infantile convulsions were noted in 206 patients (13%) of 1,572 patients who underwent cortical resection for medically refractory focal epilepsy at the Montreal Neurological Institute over the period 1928 through 1977. In 59 patients (29% of the 206), the isolated infantile convulsion was associated with an identifiable febrile systemic or neural illness. In 54 patients (26%), there was a definite history of cerebral birth injury in addition to the isolated infantile convulsions. Twenty patients (10%) had some other potential etiological factor for the later development of seizures, such as postnatal head injury, Sturge-Weber syndrome, etc., in addition to the isolated infantile convulsions. In 95 patients, 6% of the total 1,572 patient series and 41% of those with isolated infantile convulsions, the latter was the sole apparent cause for the later development of recurring seizures. Although this was the case in a small but significant percentage in this series of patients, more frequently, the isolated infantile convulsion represents a manifestation of invasion of the brain by an infectious agent of a systemic or brain disease, or is a harbinger of the later development of a seizure tendency due to some other preexisting etiological factor.
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PMID:Relative significance of isolated infantile convulsions as a primary cause of focal epilepsy. 11 7

In three patients operated on for focal epilepsy small pathological lesions in the functionally important cortical regions were microsurgically extirpated. The neighbouring areas of cortex were preseved, although they showed epileptic activity on electrocorticography. The patients are seizure-free three years, two years, and nineteen months later, respectively. On the bases of these facts and experience with another 35 patients operated on for focal epilepsy the authors speculate on the relations between the pathological lesion, epileptogenic cortical area, and the relative dependence of the extent of cortical resection on the electrocorticographic status.
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PMID:The electrocorticographic status and the extent of the cortical resection in epileptic patients. 11 97

Sodium valproate (Epilim) has been used in the management of 100 patients with previously uncontrolled epilepsy for periods up to 2 years. If all manifestations of epilepsy are considered together, 75% to 100% control of seizures was achieved in 43% of patients, 25% to 74% control in 26%, and no improvement occurred in 31% of patients. Control of 75% to 100% was achieved in 57% of patients with a spike and wave electroencephalogram (EEG) disturbance but only in 35% of those with focal abnormalities, excessive slow activity, or normal records. When the various manifestations of epilepsy were considered individually, the greatest improvement was found among the patients with the minor forms of generalized epilepsy (petit mal absences, myoclonus and atonic attacks) in whom 75% to 100% control was obtained in 67%, compared with 43% of those with major generalized seizures (grand mal) and 30% of those with temporal lobe attacks and other forms of focal epilepsy. Gastrointestinal disturbances and drowsiness were noted as side effects in the early stages of treatment, but the majority of patients tolerated the drug well and many commented on increased mental alertness while taking it. Two patients were over-stimulated and some noticed tremor or twitching as side effects. Some minor abnormalities in blood coagulation studies were noted, but these were transient and did not appear to be of clinical significance. Regular blood counts and biochemical studies have not shown any significant changes. Sodium valproate appears to be a safe and useful anticonvulsant with the advantage that it usually makes patients brighter rather than drowsier. Abnormalities of platelet function have been described in some overseas reports, so that any unexplained bruising or bleeding in a patient taking valproate is an indication for a platelet count and coagulation studies.
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PMID:The anticonvulsant action of sodium valproate (Epilim) in 100 patients with various forms of epilepsy. 40 31

The purpose of the study was evaluation of propanidid as an agent activating the bioelectric activity of the brain. Examinations were carried out in 200 patients. In patients with generalized epileptic seizures a positive result of activation trial was obtained in 92,8% of the cases. In cases of focal epilepsy, temporal or not temporal, administration of propanidid revealed or increased pathological focal activity all. Activation permitted also brain tumours to be localized more precisely. In patients with cerebraal circulatory disturbances the activating effect of propanidid was observed in 82,8% of the cases. The drug is suitable for outpatient practice and for follow-up examinations.
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PMID:[Use of propanidid in bioelectrical brain activation]. 40 21

The controversial relations between migraine and vascular headache on one hand, epilepsy on the other hand are once more discussed: survey of the arguments for a more than fortuitous connexion, taken from literature and general experience. Critical analysis of the personal case material. Discussion of some specific groups of patients with various combinations of both syndromes: long antecedents of headaches, leading up to sporadic epileptic attacks, focal or generalized; clinical seizures under photic stimulation (10% of the cases with chronic headaches without organic lesions); headaches in the latency period of symptomatic epilepsy; cases of seeming transition between the two syndromes; headaches as a substitute, an aura or as a component of the epileptic seizure, with clearly distinctive features between generalized and focal epilepsy: in patients with bilateral EEG paroxysms, headaches are usually diffuse or bilateral, in those with epileptogenic foci, headaches, if consistently localized, are always reported to be homolateral to the focus. Considerations concerning pathogenesis include the familiar hypothesis of hypoxic discharges following migrainous vasoconstriction, as well as secondary vascular headaches induced by focal epileptic activity. Headaches caused by excessive discharges in the sensory representation areas (H. Jackson) must be rare. Whether increased neuronal activity in the hypothalamus may be responsible for the migraine syndrome (Herberg), possibly in connection with biogenic amines, remains in open question.
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PMID:[Epilepsy and headaches (author's transl)]. 41 Jun 25

The present prospective study undertaken in a specialized neurological center of a developing country deals with 1,000 epileptic patients classified in accordance with the International Classification. Eighty-one percent of the patients could be classified, with a lower incidence in the younger age group. Partial epilepsy was found to be far more common than generalized epilepsy (80% versus 20%). Primary generalized epilepsy was seen in 15% and secondary generalized in 5%. Partial epilepsy with elementary symptomatology was seen in 58% and complex symptomatology in 7%. Secondarily generalized seizures were seen in the remaining 15%. Primary generalized epilepsy and partial epilepsy with complex symptomatology were more common in adults. Secondary generalized epilepsy and partial epilepsy with secondarily generalized seizures were more common in children. Partial epilepsy with elementary symptomatology, however, did not vary significantly with age. The higher incidence of partial epilepsy in our patients, compared to the West, could be due to greater frequency of CNS infections and birth injuries, which are common childhood hazards in the developing countries.
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PMID:Profile of epilepsy in a developing country: a study of 1,000 patients based on the international classification. 41 69


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