Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

116 immunizations were given to 61 children with febrile convulsion or epilepsy who had not had a seizure for 1 year since the last attack. In 92 of the 116 immunizations the electroencephalogram (EEG) was examined before and after immunization. No adverse effects on the EEG were observed in 19 immunizations with Japanese encephalitis, measles, mumps or rubella vaccines. Epileptic spikes reappeared after 10 immunizations and epileptic spikes increased after 10 immunizations among 73 given for diphtheria, acellular pertussis and tetanus (DPT), diphtheria and tetanus (DT), or Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). A convulsion was observed once in one child 7 days after immunization with BCG. A follow-up EEG examination is necessary after children with convulsive disorders are immunized.
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PMID:Adverse effects on EEG and clinical condition after immunizing children with convulsive disorders. 228 15

The difference in the clinical, electrophysiological and radiological features in 12 patients with Japanese encephalitis (JE) and eight patients with herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) have been reported in this study. Meningeal signs, seizures and behavioural abnormalities in HSE; and decerebration or decortication and focal neurologic signs in JE were common. Electroencephalogram in JE revealed diffuse delta slowing in 11, whereas in HSE frontotemporal slowing was present in five, periodic lateralising epileptiform discharges in three and focal spikes in two patients. Magnetic resonance imaging in JE patients revealed characteristic bilateral thalamic hyperintense lesions in T2 in all the patients. In HSE, CT scan revealed frontotemporal hypodensity in six patients. MRI was more sensitive than CT scan. It revealed characteristic frontotemporal hyperintense signals in T2 even in two patients who had normal CT scan. Motor evoked potentials were abnormal in eight out of nine JE patients, whereas these were normal in all five HSE patients in whom these studies were carried out. Attention to these clinical, radiological and neurophysiological findings may help in differentiating these encephalitides even before the results of serological studies are available.
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PMID:A comparative study of Japanese and herpes simplex encephalitides. 953 32

This study was undertaken due to the paucity of studies on electroencephalographic (EEG) changes in Japanese encephalitis (JE) and their clinical and radiological correlation. Twenty seven patients with JE were included whose age ranged between 2 and 54 years, 8 of whom were females and 10 aged 12 or less. On admission, Glasgow coma scale (GCS) ranged between 4 and 9. Seizures were present in 9 patients which were generalised tonic clonic in all except one who had partial motor seizure. Behavioural abnormalities were present in 3 patients. Three patterns of EEG were noted which included diffuse continuous delta in 21, diffuse delta with spikes in 3; and nonmodulating non responsive alpha activity ('alpha pattern' coma) in 3 patients. The background EEG activity became normal in all at 3 months although seizure activity was noted in 3 patients. MRI or/and CT scan revealed bilateral thalamic involvement in all, pons in 2, midbrain in 7, basal ganglia in 5, cerebral cortex in 4 and white matter oedema in 5 patients. Five patients died in the acute stage and 3 patients lost from follow-up. At 3 months, 7 patients had complete, 6 partial and 6 poor recovery. The EEG pattern did not correlate with the GCS and outcome. In JE, EEG reveals non-specific delta showing in acute stage and 'alpha pattern' coma may be a more common presentation than realised and does not always predict a poor outcome.
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PMID:EEG in Japanese encephalitis: a clinico-radiological correlation. 974 82

This study was conducted to evaluate the etiologies of pyrexia in children with first febrile seizures using a prospectively recorded medical protocol, bacterial culture, and serologic tests for human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), dengue virus and Japanese B encephalitis (JE) virus. Of 82 children with first febrile seizures, who were between 3 months and 3 years old and had been admitted to Bhumibol Adulyadej Hospital between January 1997 and December 1998, 41 were boys and 41 were girls, with a mean age of 14.7 months. The average maximal body temperature was 39.7 degrees C. Approximately 70% of the children developed seizures on the first day of fever and the duration of the seizures varied from 1 to 30 minutes. In addition to fever and seizure, common symptoms and signs included coryza, diarrhea, vomiting, inflamed tympanic membranes and rash. The causes of fever documented upon discharge were, in order of frequency, upper respiratory tract infection, nonspecific febrile illness, diarrhea, urinary tract infection, viral infection, pneumonia, herpangina, measles, pneumococcal bacteremia and dengue fever. Serologic tests for HHV-6 IgM were positive in seven children (8.5%), and serologic tests for dengue and JE viruses were negative in all cases.
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PMID:Causes of fever in children with first febrile seizures: how common are human herpesvirus-6 and dengue virus infections? 1128 13

One of the leading causes of acute encephalopathy in children in the tropics is Japanese encephalitis (JE). Transmitted by the culex mosquito, this neurotropic virus predominately affects the thalamus, anterior horns of the spinal cord, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum. It mainly affects children <15 years and is mostly asymptomatic. The occasional symptomatic child typically presents with a neurological syndrome characterised by altered sensorium, seizures, and features of intracranial hypertension. Aetiological diagnosis is based on virus isolation or demonstration of virus specific antigen or antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid/blood. Though no antiviral drug is available against JE, effective supportive management can improve the outcome. Control of JE involves efficient vector control and appropriate use of vaccines.
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PMID:Japanese viral encephalitis. 1193 23

Japanese encephalitis (JE) causes at least 10 000 deaths each year. Death is presumed to result from infection, dysfunction and destruction of neurons. There is no antiviral treatment. Seizures and raised intracranial pressure (ICP) are potentially treatable complications, but their importance in the pathophysiology of JE is unknown. Between 1994 and 1997 we prospectively studied patients with suspected CNS infections referred to an infectious disease referral hospital in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. We diagnosed Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), using antibody detection, culture of serum and CSF, and immunohistochemistry of autopsy material. We observed patients for seizures and clinical signs of brainstem herniation, measured CSF opening pressures (OP) and, on a subset of patients, performed EEGs. Of 555 patients with suspected CNS infections, 144 (26%) were infected with JEV (134 children and 10 adults). Seventeen (12%) patients died and 33 (23%) had severe sequelae. Of the 40 patients with witnessed seizures, 24 (62%) died or had severe sequelae, compared with 26 (14%) of 104 with no witnessed seizures [odds ratio (OR) 4.50, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.94-10.52, P < 0.0001]. Patients in status epilepticus (n = 25), including 15 with subtle motor seizures, were more likely to die than those with other seizures (P = 0.003). Patients with seizures were more likely to have an elevated CSF OP (P = 0.033) and to develop brainstem signs compatible with herniation syndromes (P < 0.0001). Of 11 patients with CSF OP > or =25 cm, five (46%) died, compared with seven (9%) of 80 patients with lower pressures [OR 8.69, 95% CI 1.73-45.39, P = 0.005). Of the 50 patients with a poor outcome, 35 (70%) had signs compatible with herniation syndromes (including 19 with signs of rostro-caudal progression), compared with nine (10%) of those with better outcomes (P < 0.0001). Of 11 patients with CSF OP > or =25 cm, five (46%) died, compared with seven (9%) of 80 patients with lower pressures (OR 8.69, 95% CI 1.73-45.39, P = 0.005). The combination of coma, multiple seizures, brainstem signs and illness for 7 or more days was an accurate predictor of outcome, correctly identifying 42 (84%) of 50 patients with a poor outcome and 82 (87%) of 94 with a better outcome. These findings suggest that in JE, seizures and raised ICP may be important causes of death. The outcome may be improved by measures aimed at controlling these secondary complications.
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PMID:Seizures and raised intracranial pressure in Vietnamese patients with Japanese encephalitis. 1196 Aug 97

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an encephalomyelitis involving cortex, subcortex, brainstem and spinal cord. There is paucity of studies on the neurophysiological evaluation in JE. This study aims at comprehensive evaluation of EEG, sensory and motor evoked potentials, nerve conduction and electromyography; and correlate these with clinical findings. Sixty five patients with JE diagnosed on the basis of clinical, radiological and virological criteria were subjected to a detailed clinical evaluation during the acute stage of illness. Cranial CT scan or MRI was carried out in all the patients. All the patients underwent 10 or 18 channel EEG, motor and sensory evoked potentials to both upper and lower limbs bilaterally as well as peroneal and sural nerve conductions and concentric needle EMG. Outcome, was defined at the end of 3 months into poor, partial and complete recovery. The patient's age ranged between 2-65 years. There were 40 males and 25 female patients. Fifteen patients were less than 12 years of age. History of seizure was present in 31 patients. Quadriplegia was seen in 39 and hemiplegia in 8 patients. Muscle wasting was present in 16 patients and tendon reflexes were reduced in 12 and of mixed pattern in 14 patients. Cranial MRI revealed thalamic lesion in 38, basal ganglia in 21, substantia nigra in 30, pons in 5, cerebellum in 3 and cerebral cortex in 7 patients out of 57 patients. EEG revealed nonspecific theta to delta slowing in 45, alpha pattern coma in 5 and epileptiform discharges in 8 patients. EMG revealed fibrillations in 23 patients. Motor evoked potentials were abnormal in 34 out of 46 patients and revealed patchy and focal abnormalities comprising of unrecordable, prolonged and normal pattern. Somatosensory evoked potentials were abnormal in 8 patients only. At 3 month, 26 patients had complete, 13 partial and 15 had poor outcome. Eight patients died in acute stage and 3 were lost to followup. MEP correlated with weakness and 3 month outcome whereas EEG, SEP and EMG did not have any correlation. MEP changes were more frequent in JE and had prognostic significance.
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PMID:Neurophysiological changes in Japanese encephalitis. 1239 49

Travel is associated with a number of neurological disorders that can be divided into two categories: (1) Neurological infections including encephalitides, neurotuberculosis, neurobrucellosis, cysticercosis and trichinosis. Some of these disorders can be prevented by vaccinations, such as Japanese B encephalitis and rabies, some by the use of insect repellents and some by avoiding raw milk products and undercooked meat. (2) Non-infective neurological disorders, such as acute mountain sickness and high altitude cerebral oedema, problems occurring during air travel such as syncope, seizures, strokes, nerve compression, barotrauma and vertigo, motion sickness and foodborne neurotoxic disorders such as ciguatera, shellfish poisoning and intoxication by cassava. This group of diseases and disorders could be prevented if the traveller knows about them, applies simple physiological rules, takes some specific medications and knows how to avoid intoxications in certain geographical areas. Meningococcal meningitis, malaria and jet lag syndrome are extensively discussed in other articles of this issue. The discussion in this paper will be limited to the other disorders.
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PMID:Neurological disorders and travel. 1261 85

Japanese encephalitis (JE), the most important cause of epidemic encephalitis worldwide, is confined to Asia, but its geographical area is spreading. West Nile virus, and other closely related flaviviruses, cause similar disease elsewhere. Recent cryoelectron microscopic studies have characterized the flavivirus envelope protein as a new class of viral fusion protein (class II), and examined its arrangement on the virion surface. Changes in the envelope protein's hinge region, or its putative receptor-binding domain, are associated with changes in neurovirulence in animal models of JE. Clinically, JE causes a wide range of presentations, including a poliolike flaccid paralysis. Seizures and raised intracranial pressure are associated with a poor outcome, and may be potentially treatable. A safe efficacious formalin-inactivated vaccine against JE has been available for many years, but is too expensive for use in most Asian countries. A newer live attenuated vaccine has been used in China, but its use elsewhere has been restricted by regulatory concerns. A chimeric vaccine in which JE structural proteins are inserted into the 17D yellow fever vaccine backbone is one of several vaccines in development. There are no established antiviral treatments against JE. Interferon alpha was the most promising drug in small open trials, but a recent double-blind placebo controlled trial showed that it did not affect the outcome in children with JE.
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PMID:Recent advances in Japanese encephalitis. 1270 58

Six patients unexpectedly presented with Japanese encephalitis (JE) from early August to mid-September 2002 in the Chugoku district of Japan. The mean age was 67.5 years (range 42 - 89 years); the onset period in two patients shifted to the middle of September. The JE virus was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid samples from two patients, and the strain isolated in the one was identified as genotype III. Neurologically, consciousness impairment, meningeal signs, rigidity, hemiparesis, tetraparesis, and convulsive seizures were commonly observed. Magnetic resonance imaging uniformly revealed high signal intensities in the bilateral thalami, brainstem (substantia nigra), hippocampi, and brain cortices. In all patients, acyclovir was used, due to the unexpected outbreak of JE. Five patients, except for one without sequelae, had a severe outcome, including one death. This report indicates that JE in Japan is still a threat to adults and the elderly with decreased or absent immunity to the JE virus.
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PMID:An unexpected outbreak of Japanese encephalitis in the Chugoku district of Japan, 2002. 1511 13


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