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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Behavioural analyses have been made of effects brought about by both single and combined injections of dopamine, haloperidol, carbachol and atropine into the caput nuclei caudati of rhesus monkeys. High doses of dopamine produced the subsequent development of three types of behavioural changes: an increase in the number of skilled manipulation movements (the dynamic phase); the appearance of a dystonic torticollis (the dystonic phase); and, finally, the appearance of an oro-lingual-facial dyskinesia and a number of dyskinetic activities in the extremities (the dyskinetic phase); low doses of dopamine solely produced the dynamic phase. Haloperidol only inhibited the dopamine-induced dynamic and dystonic phase: it did not suppress the dyskinetic phase. High doses of carbachol produced the subsequent development of four phases: a dynamic, dystonic, dyskinetic and epileptoid phase; the last one was marked by the appearance of secondary generalized epileptic seizures. Low doses of carbachol solely produced the dynamic phase. Atropine inhibited the carbachol-induced dynamic, dystonic and epileptoid phase; it did not suppress the dyskinetic phase. High doses of dopamine strongly modified the carbachol-induced phases: dopamine intensified the dystonic phase on the one hand, but it abolished the generalized epileptic seizures on the other hand. Apart from the fact that the data presented have confirmed that both dopaminergic and cholinergic mechanisms within the basal ganglia of rhesus monkeys are involved in the elicitation and modulation of both normal and abnormal motor activities, they have also revealed that the simple concept of a stristal acetylcholine-dopamine "see-saw" has to be revised. Furthermore, the data have suggested that development of supersensitive dopamine-sensitive sites is not the only mechanism that underlies the elicitation of the oro-lingual-facial dyskinesia. And finally, the present experiments have given clearcut evidence that an intrastriatal acetylcholine-dopamine "see-saw" fulfils and essential role in the process involved in the generalization of epileptic seizures.
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PMID:The acetylcholine-dopamine balance in the basal ganglia of rhesus monkeys and its role in dynamic, dystonic, dyskinetic, and epileptoid motor activities. 115 71

The authors review the literature describing the neural symptoms induced by tricyclic antidepressants, especially tremor, seizures, akathisia, myoclonus, dyskinesia and delirium. Sedation, modifications of sleep, memory and appetite are also described. Tremor and myoclonus are the most frequent drug-induced neural symptoms. Delirium is most often caused by high-dosage treatments. The pathophysiology of akathisia and dyskinesia raises important questions concerning the mode of action of antidepressants.
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PMID:Neural symptoms induced by tricyclic antidepressants: phenomenology and pathophysiology. 131 56

We report six previously healthy children who several days after a prodromal illness had an acute encephalopathy that ran a biphasic course. It appears to constitute a recognizable syndrome with a good prognosis that can be differentiated from other encephalopathies of obscure origin as previously defined by Lyon et al. The active phase was dominated by coma or confusion and by abnormal movements, including disordered gesticulation and attacks of orofacial dyskinesia or limb dystonia associated with permanent rigidity and culminating in opisthotonic posturing. Repeated seizures were observed in only two patients. Permanent slow waves were recorded on the electroencephalogram in all patients, even during bursts of abnormal movements. Cerebrospinal fluid and results of serologic studies were normal throughout the course of the disease, and attempts at viral isolation and antiviral antibody detection yielded negative results. Brain imaging either showed no abnormalities or suggested a moderate degree of brain edema. The recovery phase, which extended for several weeks, was characterized by a rapid return of motor function and persistent behavioral and cognitive disturbances. Nonverbal reasoning recovered long before verbal expression returned to normal. Four patients eventually recovered fully, whereas two had mild sequelae.
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PMID:Coma associated with intense bursts of abnormal movements and long-lasting cognitive disturbances: an acute encephalopathy of obscure origin. 144 43

Two young children, 5 and 30 months of age, developed acute transient dyskinesias. The novel features of these patients were classic orobuccal-lingual dyskinesias, their young ages, and the association with asthma and theophylline. The movements resembled tardive dyskinesias of older patients on neuroleptics, but neither patient had any exposure to neuroleptic drugs. Choreiform movements were moderately severe and remitted several hours after discontinuation of theophylline or over days in the patient who remained on the drug. No symptomatic treatment of dyskinesia was required. Both infants otherwise had normal neurologic examinations with no clinical evidence of meningoencephalitis, seizures, or stroke. Both infants required hospitalization for respiratory distress, but not intensive care. The highest theophylline levels measured in these patients were 22 and 25 micrograms/ml and levels determined closest to the appearance of dyskinesias were lower. Urine toxicology screen for other drugs and routine blood work were normal. The infants, examined subsequently for 1 1/2-2 years for asthma, have demonstrated no reappearance of dyskinesias or other neurologic abnormalities. We propose an interaction of theophylline, hypoxemia, or other factors related to asthma in the pathophysiology of reversible dyskinesia in our patients.
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PMID:Acute dyskinesias in young asthmatics treated with theophylline. 158 Sep 64

A 50-year old Chinese woman with the rare neurological disorder of Choreoacanthocytosis is described. Her illness is characterised by seizures, buccolingual dyskinesia, choreiform movements, arreflexia and mild sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Acanthocytes were present in her peripheral blood in large numbers but the serum lipid profile was normal. Her features are consistent with those so far described in Caucasian and Japanese patients. The disease differs from Huntington's chorea in that there are acanthocytes, peripheral neuropathy, and metal function remains relatively intact.
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PMID:Choreoacanthocytosis in a Chinese patient--a case report. 261 8

300 patients with sleeping sickness have been admitted, at the AHT clinic of Daloa, over a time period of 22 months. The sex ratio of the patients is 1.5 males for 1 female; the mean age is 25.5 years. The most frequent signs and symptoms observed by clinical examination are: fever (30%), nodes (86.3%), prurigo (43.3%), splenomegaly (15.3%), hepatomegaly (1%), headache (72.6%), vigilance and sleeping disturbances (68.7%), perioral reflexes (67.6%), cheiro-oral reflexes (64.3%), movement disorders consisting of tremor, choreo-athetosis movements, buccal dyskinesia or seizures (35%), motor palsy and gait disorders (15%), tonus disturbances (12.3%), sensitivity abnormalities (17%), endocrine disorders (16.3%), psychiatric symptoms (6.3%). According to CSF status, 261 patients have been classified in second period (P2). This group, although biologically well defined, is in fact a miscellaneous group of clinical signs and symptoms ranging from apparently normal patients to sleeping comatose and cachectic patients. 93% of the patients in this group have peripheral signs associated with neurological symptoms. They are as frequent in the first period as in the second period, with a statistical significance. This is an argument to think that the CNS is early affected in the course of the disease. The classification of the patients in groups of increasing neurological impairments, is in accordance with this hypothesis. 89% of the patients in the second period have only slight neurological signs. This explain how difficult it is for a physician to use melarsoprol in the treatment of all patients classified in second period.
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PMID:[The different present-day clinical picture of human African trypanosomiasis caused by T. b. gambiense. Analysis of 300 cases from a focus in Daloa, Ivory Coast]. 284 37

A 46-year-old man, the son of normal nonconsanguinous parents, had a rare progressive neurological illness that began in midlife and was characterized by seizures, buccolingual dyskinesia, orofacial tics, choreiform movements, areflexia, and neurogenic muscle atrophy. Acanthocytosis was present. The serum creatine kinase level was elevated and normobetalipoproteinemia was noted. A brother had a similar disorder. These clinical and laboratory characteristics are consistent with those of previously reported cases of neuroacanthocytosis, ie, familial amyotrophic chorea with acanthocytosis (FACWA). Features not previously reported in cases of FACWA and noted in our index patient are as follows: an increased level of free sialic acid was detected in the serum; haloperidol administered in high doses decreased the orofacial tics; absence of the McLeod blood group phenotype was noted; and Hispanic-Puerto Rican ancestry was documented.
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PMID:Familial amyotrophic chorea with acanthocytosis. New clinical and laboratory investigations. 402 6

Stimulation of GABA receptors (e.g. by progabide, a new GABA receptor antagonist, or by muscimol) enhances the liberation of norepinephrine in limbic forebrain areas of the rat and reduces 5-hydroxytryptamine turnover. On repeated administration, this latter effect is associated with an up-regulation of 5-HT2 receptors as it occurs after electroconvulsive shock. The monoaminergic changes induced by progabide, though dissimilar from those induced by tricyclics, are probably connected with the antidepressant action on the compound observed in double-blind clinical trials. In the basal ganglia, GABA receptor agonists reduce dopamine turnover and potentiate the cataleptogenic action of neuroleptics. They also antagonize the sterotypic behaviour induced by dopaminomimetics, indicating an additional action beyond the dopamine synapse. On repeated co-administration with neuroleptics, progabide antagonizes the tolerance to the cataleptogenic action, the supersensitivity to dopaminomimetics, and the increase in 3H-spiperone binding which are caused by sustained neuroleptic treatment. This appears to be the basis for the clinical action of progabide in neuroleptic-induced dyskinesia, L-dopa-induced involuntary movements, and possibly mania. GABA receptor agonists decrease cellular excitability in several animal models and antagonize seizures, whatever their origin (GABA-mediated or GABA unrelated mechanisms). Progabide has been shown to be effective in various forms of epilepsy in double-blind and long-term clinical trials. The compound exerts a therapeutic action in patients resistant to "classical" antiepileptic drugs, in the virtual absence of major side effects.
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PMID:Pharmacology of the GABAergic system: effects of progabide, a GABA receptor agonist. 608 42

A 2-year-old child with known neurologic impairment developed a dyskinesia soon after starting phenobarbital therapy for seizures. Known causes of movement disorders were eliminated after evaluation. On repeat challenge with phenobarbital, the dyskinesia recurred. Phenobarbital should be added to the list of anticonvulsant drugs that can cause movement disorders.
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PMID:Phenobarbital-induced dyskinesia in a neurologically-impaired child. 650 32

A retrospective analysis of children with renal failure during the first year of life revealed that 20 of 23 patients developed profound neurologic abnormalities. The encephalopathy was characterized by developmental delay, microcephaly, hypotonia, seizures, dyskinesia, and EEG abnormalities. No patient had been dialyzed, and four had not received aluminum salts prior to the development of neurologic symptoms. Inadequate statural growth and poor nutrition were present in all patients. It is probable that infants with chronic renal insufficiency are more susceptible to the development of this syndrome than are older children or adults because of the significant growth and maturation of the brain that occurs during the first years of life.
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PMID:Progressive encephalopathy in children with chronic renal insufficiency in infancy. 708 84


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