Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) activity was determined in whole brain from male C57BL/10/Bg and DBA/1Bg mice at 14 different ages between postnatal days 4 and 33. Brain TPH activity was higher at every age in C57BL/10/Bg than in DBA/1/Bg mice, the difference being 30-50% after day 20. The apparent Km of the enzyme for substrate was identical (1.4 X 10(-5) M) in both strains. The reciprocal F1's between DBA/1/Bg and C57BL/10/Bg strains were similar in TPH activity, being slighlty lower than the predicted midparental value. At 30 days of age, C57BL/6/Bg males also had high TPH activity, indistinguishable from the C57BL/10/Bg strain. Audiogenic seizure susceptibility in these strains and their hybrid F1's was inversely correlated with their brain TPH activities. These results indicate that seizure susceptibility and aggression in mice may be related to the serotonergic activity in the brain. In the case of seizures, ethanol-induced susceptibility to audiogenic seizures in mice was enhanced by reserpine, and the effect of reserpine could be reversed by 5-HTP but not by DOPA. Furthermore, p-chlorophenylalanine also enhanced such susceptibility, whereas alpha-methyltyrosine had no effect. In the withdrawal audiogenic seizures in mice during chronic ethanol treatment, adrenalectomy blocked the ethanol-induced increase of brain TPH activity and also prevented the withdrawal seizures. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the serotonergic system is among the components regulating excitability in the brain.
Natl Inst Drug Abuse Res Monogr Ser 1975 Nov
PMID:Pharmacogenetic studies of the serotonergic system in association with convulsive seizures in mice. 124 14

A retrospective study of the neurological problems arising in HIV-I seropositive patients in a single defined geographical area was undertaken. Ninety patients were referred for a neurological opinion from a total known HIV-I seropositive population of 436. Minor problems were frequently encountered early in the course of disease (20 at CDC stage II, 12 at CDC stage III), including seizures related to drug abuse in six. The most frequent neurological problem in those patients in CDC group IV (58 patients) were the AIDS dementia complex (14 patients), an axonal sensorimotor neuropathy (12), toxoplasmosis (nine) and cryptococcal meningitis (three). All patients with a structural lesion had appropriate focal signs on examination. The value and role of CT cranial scanning in the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis is discussed and the importance of recognizing potentially treatable causes of both intellectual impairment and cytomegalovirus-related neuropathies is stressed. This is the first report of an unselected series of patients at all stages of HIV-I related neurological disease from a single UK centre.
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PMID:The neurological features of HIV-positive patients in Glasgow--a retrospective study of 90 cases. 132 56

The Government of Thailand, which has long recognized the serious threat posed by illicit drugs, has implemented stringent law enforcement measures aimed at suppressing illicit drug trafficking by dismantling clandestine laboratories, intercepting essential chemicals, effecting significant seizures and eradicating illicit crops. In addition, the Government has taken steps to initiate the enactment of legislation providing for the confiscation of proceeds derived from illicit drug trafficking activity. Furthermore, it has maintained and strengthened its already close bilateral and multilateral cooperation in the field of drug abuse control.
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PMID:Law enforcement approaches and measures used in countering illicit drug problems in Thailand. 147 2

The increasing incidence of drug abuse in central Europe leads to a growing number of children with intrauterine drug exposure. During pregnancy various risks affect these children. Postnatally severe symptoms of withdrawal are observed frequently. The psychosocial development is endangered. Between 1986 and 1990 30 drug dependent women attended the obstetric department of the University Hospital Basel during pregnancy. The data of 21 children born to mothers drug dependent at birth were evaluated. 11 children were born in 1990. 12 mothers received Methadon, 10 were polydrug abusers. Positive serology was found for hepatitis in 18, for HIV-infection in 9 women. 6 babies were premature, 8 were small for gestational age. 20 newborns presented withdrawal symptoms which required a mean hospitalization time of 45 days. Tonic and/or clonic seizures were observed in 6 neonates. In 9 other children some symptoms were suspicious of seizures. EEG recordings were pathological in 10 of 12 infants. For the control of withdrawal symptoms 16 children received pharmacological treatment for a mean duration of 61 days. Neurodevelopmental examinations were performed in 14 children at an average age of 22 months. Neurological findings were pathological in 2 children. 3 had mild, 2 had severe mental retardation, 5 presented with behavioural disturbances. Our data are compared with those of the literature. Therapeutic proposals for children of drug dependent mothers are presented. The impact of methadon programs on the exposed children is discussed.
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PMID:[Children of drug-dependent mothers--personal experiences and review of the literature]. 158 58

Despite the generally salutary experience in recent years of managing suppurative pleuropulmonary disease, empyemas and lung abscesses have persisted and increased in incidence in hospitals such as Queens Hospital Center that serve large numbers of the socioeconomically disadvantaged. This study documents the etiology, clinical presentation, treatment, and treatment results of suppurative pleuropulmonary disease at Queens Hospital Center, which serves a large segment of the urban poor, many of whom are black. Results indicate that contributory or antecedent etiologic factors include a history of prior disease (specifically pneumonia, lung abscess, obstructive lung disease, pulmonary neoplasia, and tuberculosis); a predisposition to constitutional or immunologic deficiencies (specifically, alcoholism, anemia/malnutrition, drug abuse, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS]); conditions contributing to tracheobronchial aspiration (specifically, alcoholism and seizure disorders); and a miscellaneous group such as prior surgery, cardiovascular disease, and sepsis syndrome. The patients in this study were young with maximal incidence occurring in the third to fifth decades of life. Patients were predominantly male (75%) and black (66%). There were 18 deaths (23%), with sepsis being the cause in 10 (56%). Most surgical interventions were conservative, ie, bronchoscopies (48), thoracenteses (43), and tube thoracotomies (39). Thirty-one open thoracotomies were performed for drainage, decortication, or pulmonary resection. The surgical mortality was three cases or 5% of the patients who underwent surgery. The designated incidence of proven AIDS in this series (29%) was low, undoubtedly because many patients refused testing, and the multiple gram-positive and gram-negative infections that were seen did not conform to the Centers for Disease Control criteria for diagnosis and case reporting for AIDS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The role of surgery in treating pleuropulmonary suppurative disease--review of 77 cases managed at Queens Hospital Center between 1986 and 1989. 160 13

Data on 178 term and 34 preterm infants born to methadone-maintained mothers were analyzed to assess the effects of neonatal opiate abstinence in infants of varying gestational ages. More mothers in the term group (79%) than in the preterm group (53%) had abused other drugs during pregnancy (p less than 0.001). Mean (+/- SD) gestational age was 39.5 weeks +/- 1.4 for term infants and 34.3 weeks +/- 2.6 for preterm infants. On the basis of a semiobjective symptom scoring scale, term infants had more severe abstinence symptoms and more prominent central nervous system manifestations than preterm infants. The severity of abstinence symptoms correlated with maternal methadone dosage in both term and preterm infants. Maternal multiple drug abuse (e.g., heroin, cocaine) did not influence severity of abstinence symptoms in either group. More term infants (145/178) than preterm infants (20/34) required treatment for these symptoms (p less than 0.005). In 13 of 178 term infants, compared with 1 of 34 preterm infants, abstinence-related seizures developed. Peak severity occurred 1 to 2 days earlier in term than in preterm infants. A less severe abstinence syndrome in preterm infants may be due to (1) developmental immaturity of either dendritic ramifications, specific opiate receptors, or neurotransmitter function, or (2) reduced total drug exposure during the intrauterine period.
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PMID:Neonatal opiate abstinence syndrome in term and preterm infants. 204 Sep 31

The American approach to drug control is conditioned by several national characteristics, including fragmentation of the law enforcement system, a 12,000-mile international boundary and a legal system that restricts police authority to search, arrest, detain, eavesdrop and maintain intelligence files. Drug problems in the United States, though, are by all accounts greater than in any other country. Enforcement has traditionally emphasized street-level arrests, investigation of distribution networks, crop eradication and smuggling interdiction. These practices can be shown to produce arrests and seizures, but there is little evidence to show that they reduce drug supply or drug abuse. More contemporary and promising approaches include community policing, problem-oriented policing, financially oriented investigations, increased international co-operation and a renewed emphasis on drug demand reduction. The most pressing needs in law enforcement are (a) improved intelligence-gathering and analysis and (b) research on the illicit drug industry and on the effectiveness of drug control strategies.
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PMID:Drug control strategies of United States law enforcement. 209 33

With the adoption of the Declaration and the Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Outline of Future Activities in Drug Abuse Control by the International Conference on Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking (ICDAIT) in 1987 and the formulation in 1988 of the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, the United Nations has made significant contributions to international drug control policy, in line with its responsibilities under article 55 of the Charter. Governments are acting, separately and through regional and other collective organizations, to adapt these policies to their own particular needs and to make the legislative changes needed to enable ratification of the new Convention. Simultaneously, the Commission on Narcotic Drugs continues to carry out its policy-making function by identifying areas of concern on which consensus can be achieved as well as appropriate techniques for achieving effective international co-operation as foreseen in the Charter of the United Nations. The present article draws attention to recent developments pointing to possible areas of policy formulation. These include enhanced cooperation of law enforcement agencies with overlapping jurisdictions; judicial methodology and inter-system co-operation to follow on from seizures from the illicit traffic and detention of suspects to consideration of treatment methodology; and adaptation of demand reduction techniques to target groups beyond the reach of formal educational institutions. The trend towards horizontal integration of trafficking networks is examined in the context of indications linking illicit traffic in psychotropic substances to the production and trade of chemical weapons, such as poison gas, and to the cultivation of new markets in response to the saturation of certain North American markets for specific illicit drugs.
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PMID:Projections for the future development of international drug control policies. 209 34

A total of 383 cases of incident panic attack were identified among 12,823 participants in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program over various 12-month periods in 1980-1983. These cases not phobia-stimulated were compared with 766 controls. Risk factors were examined for the onset of panic attacks, with attacks categorized as panic disorder, severe and unexplained panic attacks, or other panic attacks. Risk factors were also examined for the onset of attacks in which cardiovascular symptoms were experienced and those in which psychologic symptoms were experienced. Females were at greater risk than males for each category of attacks (relative odds ranged from 1.36 to 2.25). Persons aged 65 years or older were at lower risk than younger persons (relative odds, compared with 30- to 44-year-olds, ranged from 0.26 to 0.71). A history of cardiac symptoms, shortness of breath, depression or a major grief episode, drug abuse or dependence, alcohol abuse or dependence, and seizures were each strongly associated with panic attacks. A history of cardiac symptoms was more strongly associated with attacks in which cardiovascular symptoms were experienced than with attacks in which psychologic symptoms were experienced (relative odds, 8.36 vs. 2.23). A history of seizures was more strongly associated with attacks with psychologic symptoms than with attacks with cardiovascular symptoms (relative odds, 5.21 vs. 1.58).
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PMID:Risk factors for the onset of panic disorder and other panic attacks in a prospective, population-based study. 229 82

Drug abuse has become a social and medical problem. Amphetamine and cocaine have a potent sympathicomimetic action, so they have important effects on the Central Nervous and Cardiovascular Systems. Their neurological complications are principally: psychic alterations, seizures and stroke (hemorrhagic and ischemic). The latter are the most important in the clinical practice. Their capacity to produce transit arterial hypertension and cerebral vascular constriction could be the physiopathological substrate of such alterations. Angiographic studies have shown lesions suggesting vasculopathy. In the last ten years cocaine abuse has become an authentic epidemic. We have reviewed its neurological complications, particularly the vascular ones--42 hemorrhagic and 24 ischemic--and the following conclusions were drawn: it should be considered as a risk factor in the younger age group; a short period of time between the last drug dose and the clinical picture is frequently seen; clinical features may appear with the first drug administration; no characteristic lesion in relation to the way of administration or consumption time was elicited.
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PMID:[Neurologic complications caused by use of cocaine, amphetamines and sympathomimetics]. 270 Feb 92


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