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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Patients with epilepsy have a higher incidence of psychosis. Epilepsy-related psychotic behaviors include a chronic interictal schizophreniform illness, an "alternating psychosis" which remits with seizure activity, and ictal or perictal psychotic behaviors. In addition, there is an uncommon and less understood psychosis characterized by brief psychotic episodes during the postictal period. This report describes two patients with postictal psychosis and correlates their behavior with the pattern of seizures, electroencephalographic discharges, and anticonvulsant and psychotropic medications. The findings suggest that postictal psychosis results from increased epileptiform activity and continued cerebral dysrhythmia, has a latency in onset and is not due to the immediate postictal delirium, and reflects an exacerbation of underlying psychopathological tendencies. This report further discusses the potential pathophysiological mechanisms and management of this disorder.
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PMID:The postictal psychosis of epilepsy: investigation in two patients. 190 57

Features of typhoid fever were correlated with age and gender through a review of the charts of 552 hospitalized culture-positive patients with diarrhea in Bangladesh. Seizures occurred more frequently in children from birth through 10 years of age (5%-11%) and pneumonia more frequently in children from birth through 5 years of age (8%-15%) than in older age groups (P less than .05), whereas intestinal perforation occurred more frequently in patients greater than or equal to 11 years of age (5%-25%) than in younger age groups (P less than .005). Compared with older age groups, children from birth through 10 years of age were more anemic, those from birth through 5 years of age had a higher mean white blood cell count, and those from birth through 1 year of age had a lower mean blood carbon dioxide content (all P less than .05). Female patients were more severely anemic than male patients (P less than .05). The case-fatality rate was 4.3% overall, with the highest rates for children from birth through 1 year of age (11%) and adults greater than or equal to 31 years of age (10%). Female patients had a higher case-fatality rate (6%) than male patients (3%), although the difference was not significant (P greater than .05). Death was independently associated with seizures, intestinal perforation, pneumonia, and delirium or coma. These results indicated that the patients with typhoid fever who were at highest risk of complications and death were children from birth through 1 year of age and adults greater than or equal to 31 years of age.
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PMID:Patterns of morbidity and mortality in typhoid fever dependent on age and gender: review of 552 hospitalized patients with diarrhea. 201 39

In extracerebral systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the complement system plays a prominent pathogenic role, and decreased serum concentration of the 4th component (C4) is a reliable indicator of systemic disease activity. In diffuse CNS-SLE, however, the pathogenic role of complement is less clear. In 12 patients with active diffuse CNS-SLE presenting with delirium (4), organic personality syndrome (3), or generalized seizures (5), we determined the CSF indexes of the complement components C3, C4, and factor B, and of IgG, IgA, and IgM. There was a significant increase of the C4 index in these patients compared with controls and a significantly higher CSF C4 index in patients with an increased IgM index. We conclude that intrathecal C4 is being produced in diffuse CNS-SLE.
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PMID:Diffuse CNS involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: intrathecal synthesis of the 4th component of complement. 221 52

In a long-term psychiatric setting, self-induced water intoxication may be a life-threatening situation. At first glance, the symptoms or behaviors of self-induced water intoxication are similar to schizophrenia, i.e., inappropriate behavior, delusions, hallucinations, confusion, and disorientation. In some cases, the symptoms of water intoxication mimic schizophrenia and thus, are disguised as a part of the psychoses. Affected individuals develop polydipsia, which is accompanied by overhydration and dilutional hyponatremia. If untreated, the symptoms may progress from mild confusion to acute delirium, seizures, coma, or death (Ripley, Millson, & Koczapski, 1989). Under normal circumstances there is a delicate balance of water requirement and water intake. If the balance of water is altered, electrolyte imbalance can occur. The recognition of water intoxication or self-induced water intoxication and psychosis among chronic, institutionalized patients may prevent their death or the development of neurological damage (Arieff, 1985). Because self-induced water intoxication often goes unrecognized in its early stages and may have irreversible or fatal complications, early detection is crucial. This article will discuss the etiology, nursing assessment, and interventions associated with patients suffering from self-induced water intoxication.
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PMID:The water-intoxicated patient. 226 Aug 89

Two cases of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adolescence are presented and the literature on the use of ECT in childhood and adolescence is reviewed. ECT was effective in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder and depression. Inadequate information exists to make a judgment regarding schizophrenia, delirium, and anorexia nervosa. ECT is not effective in autism and chronic organic brain syndromes. Complications cited include organicity and seizures in the period immediately after ECT, anxiety reactions, and disinhibition. Long-term memory deficit or cognitive impairment has not been found, although further research to rule out residual impairment is needed.
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PMID:A review of ECT for children and adolescents. 222 48

For 180 patients suffering alcohol-withdrawal induced delirium, electrolytic concentration in the serum of Na, K, Ca, and Mg was determined in the early withdrawal phase, and the electroencephalograms of 95 delirium patients evaluated in respect of local and diffuse changes and epileptic activity, and compared in delirium patients with and without initial seizures. Delirium patients who had initial seizures suffered significantly longer-lasting periods of delirium and significantly more frequent electrolytic changes in the form of hypomagnesemia and hypopotassemia (hypokalemia). There was no significant difference in the EEG changes. A temporary metabolic disorder in the initial phase of the two-phase withdrawal process should be assumed to be the cause of seizures during alcohol withdrawal, and the pathogenetic significance of hypomagnesemia and hypopotassemia should be taken into consideration.
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PMID:[Electrolyte disorders, EEG changes and epileptic seizures in alcohol withdrawal delirium]. 251 11

We report the cases of 3 patients with medically intractable seizures in whom withdrawal of treatment with a long-acting benzodiazepine (clorazepate dipotassium, 2 patients; clonazepam, 1 patient) was followed by delirium with catatoniclike features. While an increase in seizure frequency occurred during withdrawal and prior to the onset of behavioral changes, electroencephalograms did not show epileptiform activity during the delirium. We compared these 3 patients with 10 others with intractable seizures in whom antiepileptic therapy was withdrawn without subsequent behavior changes. High-dose benzodiazepine therapy and a history of viral encephalitis may be risk factors for withdrawal delirium.
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PMID:Benzodiazepine withdrawal delirium with catatonic features. Occurrence in patients with partial seizure disorders. 273 Mar 83

Among the various reported neuropsychological effects of electroconvulsive therapy are amnesia, delirium, peripheral neuropathy, headaches, and seizures. A case history is presented that describes a previously unreported neurological sequela: the development of intractable yawning during a course of electroconvulsive therapy. Neuropathophysiological mechanisms possibly relating to this phenomenon are discussed.
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PMID:Yawning as a complication of electroconvulsive therapy and concurrent neuroleptic withdrawal. 289 29

The symptoms and clinical management of alcohol, barbiturate and benzodiazepine withdrawal syndromes are discussed in this article. People who suffer alcohol withdrawal should be admitted to hospital if they have medical or surgical complications or severe symptoms; supportive care and pharmacotherapy, especially diazepam loading, are the essential components of treatment. Barbiturate withdrawal requires pharmacotherapy and admission to hospital for patients who have taken more than 0.4 g/d of secobarbital or an equivalent amount of another barbiturate for 90 days or longer, or 0.6 g/d or an equivalent dose for 30 days or longer, or who have had withdrawal seizures or delirium; phenobarbital loading is recommended. Regular benzodiazepine therapy that has lasted at least 3 months should be gradually stopped. Short-acting agents should be replaced with long-acting ones, such as diazepam, to avoid withdrawal symptoms. Most of these patients can be managed on an outpatient basis.
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PMID:Alcohol, barbiturate and benzodiazepine withdrawal syndromes: clinical management. 289 72

Thirty-three patients, operated on between 1981 and 1986, and presenting post-operative confusion and restlessness are analyzed. Two groups are identified: group 1 are patients who regularly received BZD before their present hospitalization; in group 2 patients were given high-dose BZD in the early postoperative period. Symptoms were anxiousness in 15 patients, restlessness in 14, myoclonia in 14, delirium in 3, coma and seizures in 1. BZD withdrawal syndrome was considered after the other causes of post-operative agitation were eliminated and the diagnosis was confirmed by the administration of BZD that relieved the symptoms and by the plasmatic concentration of BZD. This syndrome appears 1 to 5 days after BZD withdrawal and severity of symptoms seems to be directly proportional to the doses and duration of BZD therapy. Propranolol was proposed to reduce the intensity of the symptoms. Nevertheless, progressive withdrawal of BZD remains the best way for managing such patients.
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PMID:[Postoperative agitation. A new cause]. 290 29


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