Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A questionnaire survey was mailed to all members of the Child Neurology Society in North America to determine current methods used by pediatric neurologists in the management of febrile seizures and the influence of public awareness of phenobarbital side-effects on practice. Responses were received from 574 of 869 deliverable questionnaires (66%). The mean number of febrile seizures treated by respondents was 42 +/- 58 (mean +/- S.D.), of which 22 +/- 36 were simple and 19 +/- 31 were complex. In the control of the acute, continuing febrile seizure, intravenous phenobarbital, lorazepam, and diazepam were equally preferred and phenytoin was used infrequently. For intermittent administration by parents, diazepam was prescribed by 20% for seizure prevention and by 31% for control of seizure recurrence. Long-term phenobarbital was prescribed by 89% for prevention of complex febrile seizures and by 43% for simple febrile seizures. Parental anxiety was a factor in the prescription of intermittent or long-term therapy by 67% of respondents.
 ...
PMID:Management of febrile seizures: survey of current practice and phenobarbital usage. 193 Apr 14

A multidisciplinary workshop held from September 29 to October 1, 1989, at Airlie House, Warrenton, Virginia, considered the neurologic complications of whooping cough and pertussis vaccine. Pertussis mortality in the U.S. in 2-3/1000 cases. Seizures occur in 1.9% of cases, and encephalopathy in 0.3%. Reviewing all data, it appears likely that a combination of one or more bacterial toxins, asphyxia, CO2 retention and loss of cerebral vascular autoregulation is responsible for neurologic symptoms. The timing of the encephalopathy suggests that it results from increased lysis of bacteria, and release of endotoxin. The encephalopathy is not confined to the paroxysmal phase. In evaluating side-reactions to the vaccine, the following must be kept in mind: 1. Vaccines are not standardized between manufacturers. 2. For a given manufacturer, vaccines are not standard from one batch to the next. 3. Unless the vaccine is properly prepared and refrigerated, its potency and reactivity varies with shelf life. In fact, the whole question of vaccine detoxification has never been systematically investigated. Listed in order of increasing severity, observed adverse reactions include irritability, persistent, unusually high pitched crying, somnolence, seizures, a shock-like "hypotensive, hyporesponsive" state, and an encephalopathy. Since the neurologic picture is not specific for pertussis vaccination, its temporal relationship to the vaccination is the critical variable for determining causation. Although the majority of seizures following pertussis vaccination are associated with fever, it was the consensus of the neurologists attending the workshop, that these do not represent febrile convulsions, but are non-benign convulsions. The incidence of post-vaccine encephalopathy is difficult to ascertain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Workshop on neurologic complications of pertussis and pertussis vaccination. 198 Dec 51

Febrile convulsions affect about 1 child in 30. Most of these children have a good outcome with no sequelae and do not require prophylactic medication. Differential diagnosis should include meningitis, epilepsy, hypoglycemia, and encephalopathies and other central nervous system disorders. Children with a high risk for recurrence of seizures may benefit from continuous anticonvulsant prophylaxis.
 ...
PMID:Febrile convulsions. How dangerous are they? 200

Relationship between steady-state plasma concentrations of phenobarbitone (PB), phenytoin (PHT), primidone (PRM), carbamazepine (CBZ) and sodium valproate (VPA) and their efficacy and toxicity, were studied in 392 pediatric outpatients, long-term treated in monotherapy for epileptic seizures or febrile convulsions, in order to establish "target" values which may be used, as reference, in clinical practice. The concentration-efficacy and toxicity curves suggest target values of 20, 15, 9, 10, 6 and 70 mg/l for PB, PB derived from PRM, PRM, PHT, CBZ and VPA respectively. Above 25 mg/l of PB, 20 of PHT and 100 of VPA, markedly decreased the probability of response in refractory patients, and a clear increase in toxicity was shown. Above 7 mg/l of CBZ a decrease in the percentage of seizure-free patients was observed, without an increase of toxicity. For PRM no efficacy "ceiling" was found but side effects increased. The target values proposed may be helpful as a reference for the initial dosage of antiepileptic drugs in children, during monotherapy. Nevertheless, final doses should be adjusted according to clinical response of each patient.
 ...
PMID:[Therapeutic ranges of anti-epileptic drugs in monotherapy of children]. 201 56

The behavior and EEG of rat hyperthermic convulsions was studied. We found that a long run of high-voltage slow waves without convulsions, high-voltage irregular activity consisting of spikes and waves with intermittent myoclonus, and rapid spike and wave bursts accompanied by generalized clonic convulsions occurred sequentially. This behavioral and EEG activity is analogous to human febrile convulsions and supports the usefulness of this model for studies of human febrile convulsions. Rats frequently showed arrest of locomotion concurrently with paroxysmal EEG theta bursts before development of generalized convulsions. We speculate that this paroxysmal activity is a type of seizure discharge.
 ...
PMID:Electroencephalographic study of rat hyperthermic seizures. 204 91

During a scheduled visit to the school physician, the number of children with a history of febrile seizures was determined in 3570 children attending primary schools in the suburban area of the city of Rotterdam. At the age of 6 years, 140 had experienced at least one febrile seizure (3.9%, 95% confidence interval 3.3% to 4.5%). Of these, 19 (14%) had experienced a recurrent seizure during the same febrile illness. Recurrent seizures in subsequent fever episodes occurred in 26%. The median age at onset was 18 months. One-third of the children had visited the hospital directly after the seizure, and 6% had used anticonvulsant drugs for at least 6 months. Of all the children, 5.4% had a positive first-degree family history of febrile seizures. Children with a positive family history were at a 4.5-fold increased risk of experiencing febrile seizures. Since in this study a generally accepted definition of febrile seizures was used, the estimated prevalence in Dutch school-children may well be compared with prevalence rates found in the United States and Great Britain.
 ...
PMID:Prevalence of febrile seizures in Dutch schoolchildren. 205 80

By means of personal interview of parents in their homes, using a questionnaire, the prevalence rate and some other factors associated with febrile convulsions, were determined in a rural and an urban population of Anambra State of Nigeria. Significantly different rates of 11.61% and 8.05% respectively were obtained for the rural and urban population surveyed. Other factors examined included age of onset and sex distribution, family history, recurrence rates, and severity of seizures. Clinical examination of affected children revealed that 2.9% of the children in the urban population had postictal neurological deficits, while the corresponding figure for the rural population was 5.5%.
 ...
PMID:Febrile convulsions in a rural and an urban population. 206 Apr 81

Nosological confusion within the epilepsies with myoclonic manifestations occurring in early life has led several epileptologists to separate more rigorously true myoclonic seizures from pseudomyoclonic ones and to identify clusters of homogeneous parameters that may lead to the formulation of syndromatic groupings. In recent years, four neonatal, infantile, and early myoclonic syndromes have been proposed: early myoclonic encephalopathy (EME), early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE), benign infantile myoclonic epilepsy (BIME), and severe infantile myoclonic epilepsy (SIME). These are reviewed critically, historically, and in the context of personal observations. The author's conclusions are that there is some justification to support, provisionally, a nosological place for the EME syndrome, that a nosologically separate position for the EIEE syndrome appears less firm, and that it seems safer to consider it at this time as an early variant of the West syndrome. From personal observations it appears that BIME and SIME, while justifiably constituting recognizable entities, may best be combined into a single syndrome of "infantile myoclonic epilepsy following febrile convulsions," with variable clinical outcomes.
 ...
PMID:Early myoclonic encephalopathy, early infantile epileptic encephalopathy, and benign and severe infantile myoclonic epilepsies: a critical review and personal contributions. 212 Feb 81

Age-specific epilepsy syndromes raise important questions about developmental susceptibility to seizures and epileptogenesis and about the effect of seizures on function. The diagnosis and treatment of these syndromes has been enhanced by the use of modern science and technology. Epidemiologic studies have changed our approach to febrile convulsions. This developmental seizure disorder is benign and self-limited. We have been forced to think carefully about threshold, therapy, and whether other seizures in childhood may be equally benign. This framework of developmental specificity can also be applied to West syndrome, especially with respect to neurophysiology, neurochemistry, neuroimaging, and epidemiology--the types of seizures, clustering, variations associated with sleep, PET scans, and therapy. Rasmussen's syndrome and other unilateral developmental epilepsies are progressive but remain confined to a single hemisphere. However, they usually are devastating to global neurologic function. They are models for examining the impact of epilepsy in one pathologic hemisphere on the function of the entire brain. Current therapy for this condition is hemispherectomy. Recovery of function after this major surgery is striking and provides clues to brain organization. The analysis of these three syndromes provides windows on the dynamic, changing central nervous system of the child and may lead to better understanding and therapy for other seizure disorders.
 ...
PMID:Chaos, balance, and development: thoughts on selected childhood epilepsy syndromes. 212 71

Epileptic activity was recorded in the waking and sleep EEG of 62.5% of 80 siblings of 38 patients with absence seizures. Epileptic discharges were noted in waking only in 8.7%, in waking as well as sleep in 28.8%, and in sleep only in 25%. Generalized, partly irregular, and slow spike-wave complexes were found, twice with lateral emphasis. Spike-wave complexes were recorded in 72% of 50 siblings of patients with idiopathic absence and in 46.7% of 30 siblings of patients with symptomatic absence. One epileptic discharge was observed every 108.6 s on the average, without striking differences between siblings of patients with idiopathic (99.7 s) and symptomatic absence (119.3 s). Without any differences between siblings of children with idiopathic and symptomatic absence, the most epileptic discharges were activated in sleep stages C and D, followed by stages A and B. The highest activation rate was observed in the 7-14-year-old group (73.5%) and to a somewhat lesser degree in the group between 15 and 20 years of age (66.7%); fewer epileptic discharges were recorded in younger (25%) and older patients (28.6%). The higher activation rates in the male sex were significant only in siblings of patients with idiopathic absence. Although only five patients (13.2%) were photosensitive, a photosensitivity was found in 24% of siblings of children with idiopathic absence and in 20% of siblings of patients with symptomatic absence. Three siblings of patients with idiopathic absence also had absence seizures; in one of them a febrile seizure occurred at an earlier age. All of them showed generalized spike wave discharges in waking as well as sleep. Occipital theta delta activity with generalization was observed more frequently in siblings of patients with idiopathic absence (82.2%) than in those of patients with symptomatic absence (63.6%). Our waking and sleep EEG recordings prove that concerning etiology-genetic factors play a striking role in idiopathic absence, but are also of considerable significance in the symptomatic types.
 ...
PMID:Some genetic aspects of idiopathic and symptomatic absence seizures: waking and sleep EEGs in siblings. 212 55


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>