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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A cross sectional hospital based study was undertaken to find out the various clinical aspects and management of Hot Water Epilepsy (HWE) in children. Of the 71 cases analysed, 67.6% had onset of seizures in the first decade of life. Seizures occurred frequently towards the end of head bath (71.8%). In 14.1% cases, seizures were precipitated with cold-water head bath also. Complex partial seizures (60.6%) and generalized atonic seizures (21.1%) were common. Spontaneous non-reflex epilepsy was seen in 47.9% cases. Self-induction and self-abortion of seizures were seen in 16.9% and 12.7% patients respectively. Family history was available in 32.4% of cases. Majority had good response to continuous prophylactic treatment with antiepileptic drugs. We conclude that high incidence of spontaneous seizures and generalized atonic seizures seem to be peculiar to our geographical area. "Self abortion of attacks"may be of immense help in controlling the attacks.
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PMID:Self abortion of attacks in patients with Hot Water Epilepsy. 1746 27

Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a multisystem disorder characterized by developmental delay and mental retardation, a distinctive behavioral phenotype, and sleep disturbance. We undertook a comprehensive meta-analysis to identify genotype-phenotype relationships to further understand the clinical variability and genetic factors involved in SMS. Clinical and molecular information on 105 patients with SMS was obtained through research protocols and a review of the literature and analyzed using Fisher's exact test with two-tailed p values. Several differences in these groups of patients were identified based on genotype and gender. Patients with RAI1 mutation were more likely to exhibit overeating, obesity, polyembolokoilamania, self-hugging, muscle cramping, and dry skin and less likely to have short stature, hearing loss, frequent ear infections, and heart defects when compared with patients with deletion, while a subset of small deletion cases with deletions spanning from TNFRSF13B to MFAP4 was less likely to exhibit brachycephaly, dental anomalies, iris abnormalities, head-banging, and hyperactivity. Significant differences between genders were also identified, with females more likely to have myopia, eating/appetite problems, cold hands and feet, and frustration with communication when compared with males. These results confirm previous findings and identify new genotype-phenotype associations including differences in the frequency of short stature, hearing loss, ear infections, obesity, overeating, heart defects, self-injury, self-hugging, dry skin, seizures, and hyperactivity among others based on genotype. Additional studies are required to further explore the relationships between genotype and phenotype and any potential discrepancies in health care and parental attitudes toward males and females with SMS.
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PMID:Gender, genotype, and phenotype differences in Smith-Magenis syndrome: a meta-analysis of 105 cases. 1753 3

A 66-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of vomiting and appetite loss. For the 2 days prior to admission, she had a cold, which had developed into acute viral bronchitis on admission. Because laboratory data on admission showed hyponatremia, intravenous infusion of Ringer's lactate solution was started. However, generalized seizures appeared, and she developed a coma on the day of admission. Her plasma antidiuretic hormone (ADH) level was high in the context of a low serum osmolality on the second hospital day. The infusion rate was increased, and the patient's consciousness level returned to normal. However, her normalized serum Na level declined again as she drank much water to reduce throat discomfort. As the throat discomfort caused by the throat inflammation improved with azulene gargling, her water intake was reduced, and the serum Na concentration returned to normal. Thus, polydipsia caused by a throat inflammation partially contributed to hyponatremia in this patient. We note that increased ADH secretion has been reported in adults with acute respiratory infection. Therefore, we concluded that polydipsia caused by the throat inflammation, plus increased ADH secretion, resulted in hyponatremia in this patient. We should pay attention to the behavior of drinking extra fluid in patients with acute respiratory infections.
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PMID:Hyponatremic seizure associated with acute respiratory infection. 1789 51

Epilepsy is the most common neurological disorder; approximately 1% of the population worldwide have epilepsy. Moreover, sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the most important direct epilepsy-related cause of death. Information concerning risk factors for SUDEP is conflicting, but potential risk factors include: age, early onset of epilepsy, duration of epilepsy, uncontrolled seizures, seizure frequency and AED number. Additionally, the cause of SUDEP is still unknown; however, the most commonly suggested mechanisms are cardiac abnormalities during and between seizures. Very recently, our research group was the first to annunciate that winter temperatures may lead a cardiac abnormalities and hence sudden death, become a new potential risk factor to SUDEP. Quite interesting, several mammalian species have evolved to develop a physiological phenomenon called hibernation as a strategy for survival under adverse cold conditions. From cardiovascular point of view, it has been established that hibernating mammals inherited a stable cardiovascular function as a result of adaptation to extreme external and internal environments during hibernation. For instance, hibernating mammals show resistance to hypothermia at a cellular level, the membrane potentials and excitability are more stable in the cardiac cells of these animals (action potentials (60 mV) have been recorded in hibernators myocardium at -5 degrees C), the aortic smooth muscle cells from hibernators are able to maintain ionic gradients upon prolonged exposure to low temperatures, and cardiac myocytes from hibernating mammals maintain constant levels of intracellular free calcium and forceful contractility at 10 degrees C or lower. Taken together, in this paper we postulate that hibernators have some cardiovascular particularities that confer heart protection that could positively influence the cardiovascular system of patients with epilepsy.
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PMID:Hibernating mammals in sudden cardiac death in epilepsy: what do they tell us? 1805 32

Twenty-four hours after mice are exposed to a single session of forced swimming in cold water, the ability of MK-801 (dizocilpine), a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, to antagonize electrically precipitated seizures is reduced. Conceivably, this reduction in MK-801's antiseizure efficacy reflects a stress-induced alteration in NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission due to changes in gene expression 24 h after a single stress. Recently, epigenetic interventional strategies impacting expression of genes whose regulation is controlled by the acetylation status of histone proteins in the nucleosome, an octomeric complex of histone proteins and promoter regions of double-stranded DNA, have been tested in preclinical models of various neuropsychiatric disorders, including Huntington disease and major depression. These strategies have been studied extensively in cancer biology. In the current investigation, the severity of the stress-induced reduction of MK-801's ability to raise the threshold voltage for the elicitation of tonic hindlimb extension was reduced when sodium butyrate (1.5 g/kg, ip) was administered around the time of stress. Prior research showed that this dose of sodium butyrate reliably increased the acetylation status of H3 and H4 histone proteins in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of mice. Thus, the attenuation of the stress-induced reduction of MK-801's antiseizure efficacy may be due to the increased acetylation of histone proteins in the nucleosomal core and promotion of gene expression. These data encourage development of epigenetic strategies to prevent some of the deleterious consequences of stress.
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PMID:Sodium butyrate, an epigenetic interventional strategy, attenuates a stress-induced alteration of MK-801's pharmacologic action. 1816 85

Anatomic, imaging, and lesion studies suggest that insular or parietal opercular cortical structures mediate the sensation of nonpainful cold. We have now tested the hypothesis that cold stimuli evoke electrical responses from these cortical structures in humans. We recorded the response to cold stimuli from electrodes implanted directly over parasylvian cortex for the investigation of intractable seizures. The results demonstrate that slow potentials can be evoked consistently over structures adjacent to the sylvian fissure in response to nonpainful cold. The polarity of these cold evoked potentials (EPs) for electrodes above the sylvian fissure is opposite to those below. These results suggest that the generator of cold EPs is close to the sylvian fissure in the parietal operculum or insula.
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PMID:Cold stimuli evoke potentials that can be recorded directly from parasylvian cortex in humans. 1857 55

Surgical procedures using hypothermic temperatures have been linked to complications such as seizures, impaired mental development and impaired memory. Although there is some evidence that the profound hypothermia (<12 ( composite function)C) used in these procedures may be contributing to these neurological impairments, skepticism remains because of lack of evidence from experimental studies isolating the effects of hypothermia on neuronal networks. In order to attain a better understanding of profound hypothermia effects on neurons during surgical procedures, we applied cold to a cultured in-vitro neuronal network. The typical pattern of activity of such cultures is in the form of synchronized bursts, in which most of the recorded neurons fire action potentials in a short time period. In most cases, the bursting activity shows one or more repeating precise spatio-temporal patterns (motifs) that are sustained over long periods of time. In this experimental study, neuronal networks grown on microelectrode arrays (MEA) are subjected to profound hypothermia for an hour and the collective dynamics of the network as a whole are assessed. We show, by using a similarity analysis that compares changes in the time delays between neuronal activation at different burst motifs, that neuronal networks survive total inhibition by profound hypothermia and retain their intrinsic synchronized burst motifs even with substantial generalized neuronal degeneration. By applying multiple sessions of cold, we also show a marked monotonic reduction in the rate of burst firing and in the number of spikes of each neuron after each session.
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PMID:Spatio-temporal motifs 'remembered' in neuronal networks following profound hypothermia. 1865 91

The genetically-inbred Balb/c mouse strain shows heightened sensitivity to the ability of MK-801 (dizocilpine), a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, to raise the threshold voltage necessary to precipitate tonic hindlimb extension and elicit irregular episodes of intense jumping behavior (referred to as "popping"), relative to other inbred mouse strains and the outbred NIH Swiss mouse. Moreover, an allosteric modulatory effect of sarcosine, a glycine reuptake inhibitor, on MK-801's antagonism of electrically precipitated seizures was detected 24 h after Balb/c mice were forced to swim in cold water for up to 10 min; this was not observed in unstressed Balb/c mice or stressed or unstressed NIH Swiss mice. Phencyclidine (PCP), a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist that binds to the same hydrophobic channel domain as MK-801, precipitates a schizophreniform psychosis in susceptible individuals that shares descriptive similarities with schizophrenia. This observation has led to the hypothesis that NMDA receptor hypofunction (NRH) is involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and the testing of pharmacotherapeutic strategies to facilitate NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission in patients with this disorder (e.g., glycine reuptake inhibitors). The heightened behavioral sensitivity of the Balb/c mouse to MK-801 suggests that this mouse strain may be a useful model to study "psychosis-proneness" and screen for positive allosteric modulators of NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission. Conceivably, strain differences in the pharmacology of the NMDA receptor are due to differences in the relative expression of individual NMDA receptor subunits to each other (i.e., combinatorial regulation). The current study compared the normal protein expression patterns of six of the eight identified splice variant isoforms of the NR1 NMDA receptor subunit, and NR2A and NR2B subunits in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of Balb/c and NIH Swiss mice. The heightened behavioral sensitivity of the Balb/c genetically-inbred mouse strain to MK-801, compared to the outbred NIH Swiss mouse strain, does not appear to result from relative alterations of expression of these NMDA receptor protein subunits that were examined.
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PMID:Expression of NR1, NR2A and NR2B NMDA receptor subunits is not altered in the genetically-inbred Balb/c mouse strain with heightened behavioral sensitivity to MK-801, a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist. 1867 88

Clinical lateralizing signs are the phenomena which can unequivocally refer to the hemispheric onset of epileptic seizures. They can improve the localization of epileptogenic zone during presurgical evaluation, moreover, their presence can predict a success of surgical treatment. Primary sensory phenomena such as visual aura in one half of the field of vision or unilateral ictal somatosensory sensation always appear on the contralateral to the focus. Periictal unilateral headache, although it is an infrequent symptom, is usually an ipsilateral sign. Primary motor phenomena like epileptic clonic, tonic movements, the version of head ubiquitously appear contralateral to the epileptogenic zone. Very useful lateralization sign is the ictal hand-dystonia which lateralizes to the contralateral hemisphere in nearly 100%. The last clonus of the secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizure lateralizes to the ipsilateral hemisphere in 85%. The fast component of ictal nystagmus appears in nearly 100% on the contralateral side of the epileptic focus. Vegetative symptoms during seizures arising from temporal lobe such as spitting, nausea, vomiting, urinary urge are typical for seizures originating from non-dominant (right) hemisphere. Ictal pallor and cold shivers are dominant hemispheric lateralization signs. Postictal unilateral nose wiping refers to the ipsilateral hemispheric focus compared to the wiping hand. Ictal or postictal aphasia refers to seizure arising from dominant hemisphere. Intelligable speech during complex partial seizures appears in non-dominant seizures. Automatism with preserved consciousness refers to the seizures of non-dominant temporal lobe.
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PMID:[Brain lateralization and seizure semiology: ictal clinical lateralizing signs]. 1876 78

Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (AHL) is a rare demyelinating disease mainly affecting children, characterized by acute onset, progressive course and high mortality. A 62-year-old man was admitted to our Unit for diplopia and ataxia ensuing 2 weeks after the onset of pneumonia. MRI T2-weighted images showed signal hyperintensities in the brainstem. Antibodies against Mycoplasma Pneumoniae and cold agglutinins were found. Two weeks later the patient had a worsening of his conditions: he developed left hemiplegia with motor focal seizures and the day after he was deeply comatose (GCS = 4). A second MRI scan showed extensive hyperintensities involving the whole right hemisphere white matter with a small parietal hemorrhagic area. The clinical and neuroimaging features suggested the diagnosis of AHL, Aciclovir in association with steroid therapy were administered and then plasmapheresis was started. After 30 days of coma, the patient gradually reacquired consciousness and motor functions; anyway a left hemiplegia persisted.
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PMID:Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis with atypical features. 1914 2


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