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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

One hundred and eleven cases of syncope or loss of consciousness are analyzed. Most are of obscure nature while some illustrate features of syncope that deserve further scrutiny. The cases are divided into six groups: Resembling cardiac syncope (30 cases); vasovagal syncope (22 cases); features of both cardiac and vasovagal syncope (12 cases); orthostatic hypotensive (29 cases); akinetic seizure? (12 cases); and miscellaneous (5 cases). Some groups are subdivided according to the circumstances surrounding the spells, for example, seated eating, nocturnal, associated with bowel movement, response to anticonvulsant therapy, etc. The following conclusions seem warranted: The evidence favors the existence of a type of akinetic seizure resembling cardiac syncope; loss of consciousness while seated eating (prandial syncope) may comprise a syndrome; syncope related to bowel movement or abdominal pain is a striking association; sporadic nocturnal syncope due to temporary hyporeactivity of baroreceptors is not sufficiently recognized; alcohol ingestion may precipitate orthostatic hyporeactivity of baroreceptors is not sufficiently recognized; alcohol ingestion may precipitate orthostatic hypotension. Familial syncope, syncope proneness and cold drink syncope are illustrated.
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PMID:Syncope of obscure nature. 26 59

Sera from 20 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and active central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction were examined by indirect immunofluorescence for antibodies to neuronal membrane determinants. Warm-reactive IgG antibodies were demonstrable in 82% (9/11) of patients with clinical evidence for seizures or diffuse CNS disease, but these antibodies generally were absent in non-CNS SLE sera or when focal neurologic deficit or psychosis was the primary CNS manifestation. Cold-reactive antibodies of the IgM class were equally prevalent in patients with or without CNS disease and appeared to be more directly correlated with extra-CNS systemic illness. Absorption experiments with lymphocytes, brain homogenate, and various other tissues suggested a predominant brain-specificity for IgG antibodies and partial lymphocyte cross-reactivity for IgM antibodies. Interpretations of this special association between IgG anti-brain antibodies and diffuse CNS dysfunction in SLE are discussed.
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PMID:Association of IgG anti-brain antibodies with central nervous system dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus. 37 39

Experiments on cats with cooling capsules implanted over different areas of the neocortex have shown that cooling of different intensity applied to the temporal neocortex may result in both stimulation and switching off effects. Cold stimulation (temperature dropping to 27-33 degrees C) manifested in generalized epileptiform brain electrical activity and paroxysmal states. The functional switching off the temporal area observed during its deeper cooling (20-21 degrees C) discontinues the paroxysmal state already developed and prevents the appearance of seizures, regrardless of the localization of the epileptogenic focus. The paroxysmal state weakens and ceases after repeated cooling of the temporal neocortex. The temporal neocortex, involved in the integrated activating brain system, plays a decisive role in the emergence of paroxysmal states.
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PMID:[The role of the temporal neocortex in the origin of convulsive activity]. 127 34

Cold water swim stress has been shown to decrease the ability of flurazepam, a prototypic GABA-positive benzodiazepine, to antagonize the electrical precipitation of seizures in mice. This stress-induced reduction in the antiseizure efficacy of flurazepam is not due to a reduction in the threshold voltage for seizure production. In this study, we examined the effect of treating mice with flurazepam 20 min prior to cold water swim stress on its ability to antagonize electrically precipitated seizures 24 h later. Contrary to our expectation, pretreatment with flurazepam potentiated the stress-induced reduction of its antiseizure efficacy.
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PMID:Paradoxical effect of flurazepam. 140 83

Twenty-four hours after mice were forced to swim for up to 10 min in cold (6 degrees C) water, the ability of flurazepam to antagonize the electrical precipitation of seizures was reduced. This stress-induced reduction in flurazepam's antiseizure efficacy persisted for at least 72 h; but was absent 1 week after the single session of swim stress. The data may be relevant to stress-related psychiatric disorders and suggest that the therapeutic efficacy of benzodiazepines may be altered after a severe stress.
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PMID:Reduction of flurazepam's antiseizure efficacy persists after stress. 151 49

In this paper, we present examples of some of the several behaviors which have been taken to indicate the reinforcing efficacy of drugs, including ethanol. Efforts to identify the genetic determinants of these behaviors have employed diverse pharmacogenetic methods. For example, we have used selective breeding to develop mice selected for severe or attenuated ethanol withdrawal and have found that Withdrawal Seizure Prone mice show a greater conditioned preference for ethanol-associated locations than the selected Withdrawal Seizure Resistant line. Similarly, HOT mice, selected for insensitivity to ethanol-induced hypothermia, had greater conditioned place preference after ethanol training than COLD mice, selected for ethanol hypothermic sensitivity. We have also developed selected mouse lines responsive or unresponsive to ethanol-stimulated locomotor activity. These FAST and SLOW lines develop sensitization rather than tolerance to ethanol-induced activity. Using inbred strains of mice, others had shown that strains differed in preference for drinking ethanol solutions. We found that these strains also differed in acceptance of ethanol. Single-gene techniques have been used to show that preference drinking is significantly altered in mutant rodent strains lacking hypothalamic vasopressin, or with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. In a specific panel of Recombinant Inbred mouse strains, we found that a single gene appeared to control a significant portion of the variance in preference drinking. These examples show that traits putatively related to drug reinforcement show substantial genetic control. Specifically, single-gene methods show promise of identification and mapping of genes related to drug reinforcement.
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PMID:Genetic determinants of ethanol reinforcement. 163 89

The medical records of six cases of nesidioblastosis were examined to determine the diagnostic approach, treatment, and neurologic sequelae. All six patients were male, and their ages at the onset of the disease ranged from one day to six months (mean 3.36 +/- 2.5 mo.). Initial clinical features were seizure, cyanosis, poor feeding, and apnea. Other subsequent symptoms were developmental delay, hyperactivity, and cold sweating. The Birth weight of the neonatal onset group was heavier than the postneonatal onset group (4.4 +/- 0.3 vs 3.26 +/- 0.04 kg). Before the diagnosis of hyperinsulinism, steroids of ACTH proved effective for seizure control. Initially, hyperinsulinemia (serum insulin greater than 10 microU/ml) was detected in four cases, but another two cases also showed hyperinsulinism by insulin/glucose(I/G) ratio greater than 0.3 during the fasting test. The glucagon response performed in 2 cases, showed normal and partial responses. Euglycemia was obtained by near total pancreatectomy (95% pancreatic resection)without malabsorption or persistent diabetes. In one case, nesidioblastoma coexisted with nesidioblastosis. Developmental delay was noted in three cases. In this group, the mean duration between symptom onset and operation was longer than the group without developmental delay (1.25 +/- 0.47 vs 0.38 +/- 0.19 yr).
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PMID:A study on nesidioblastosis in hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia--diagnosis, treatment, and neurologic sequelae. 171 Sep 1

The influence of two stressogenic conditions, restraint at 4 degrees C for 30 min (cold-restraint stress; CRS) or swimming at 20 degrees C for 3 min (swim stress; SS), on nociception and on convulsions triggered by different agents was assessed in mice. In saline-pretreated mice CRS and SS caused analgesia (hot-plate test, 56 degrees C), delayed the onset of convulsions induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ, 100 mg/kg, IP) and aggravated convulsions elicited by maximal transcorneal electroshock (150 mA pulses at 60 Hz for 0.2 s). Pretreatment with naloxone (10 mg/kg, SC, 30 min prior to testing), which did not affect the responsiveness of nonstressed mice to the hot plate or to the convulsant treatments, attenuated the development of analgesia following CRS, but not SS, and further prolonged the latency to onset of PTZ-induced convulsions in both stressed groups. Thus the extent to which CRS and SS can each delay the onset of PTZ-triggered convulsion appears to be limited by activation of a proconvulsant opioid system. In contrast, naloxone pretreatment did not modify the effects of CRS or SS on the severity of electroshock-induced seizures. In conclusion, CRS and SS can each, simultaneously, exert anticonvulsant and proconvulsant influences on responsiveness to PTZ and electroshock, respectively. Also, both forms of stress can activate an opioid system modulating the onset of PTZ-induced seizures, which is distinct from that controlling nociception. These findings, together with those of other stress, convulsions and opioid systems, which depends on the characteristics of the stressogenic condition, species, convulsant agent and parameter considered.
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PMID:Effects of cold-restraint and swim stress on convulsions induced by pentylenetetrazol and electroshock: influence of naloxone pretreatment. 180 34

Metkephamid, a delta opioid receptor agonist, blocked cold-restraint stress ulcers, reduced absolute ethanol-induced gastric ulcers and, at the lowest and highest doses examined, reduced basal gastric acid secretion in conscious rats, all to a significant degree. The dose effects on stress ulcer formation parallel those seen against maximal electroshock seizures and suggest that both central as well as peripheral delta opioid receptors mediate gastrointestinal responses to stress.
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PMID:Effects of metkephamid (LY127623), a selective delta opioid receptor agonist, on gastric function. 215 95

We investigated the influence of milacemide, a glycinamide derivative with putative antiepileptic activity, on the K(+)-activation of Na+,K(+)-ATPase in bulk isolated glial cells and synaptosomes of control and epileptogenic cortex of cats with a chronic freeze lesion. In the primary and secondary epileptic foci of non-treated animals, glial Na+,K(+)-ATPase lost its physiological K(+)-activation, while the synaptosomal enzyme was unchanged. These data reproduced previous work done on the kinetic measurement of the enzymic activities. In treated animals (500 mg/kg milacemide given orally for 2 weeks after the freeze lesion), the glial enzyme showed a normal K(+)-activation in the epileptic foci. These results confirm the existence of an abnormal glial Na+,K(+)-ATPase in cold-induced focal epilepsy and suggest that the antiepileptic activity of milacemide might be secondary to an activation of glial Na+,K(+)-ATPase, contributing to antagonize ictal transformation and seizure spread.
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PMID:Milacemide stimulates deficient glial Na+, K(+)-ATPase in freezing-induced epileptogenic cortex of cats. 216 31


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