Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Four patients with severe cerebral palsy, mental retardation, and seizures who were treated with valproic acid showed a broad spectrum of hematologic toxicity, which included thrombocytopenia, macrocytic red cells with or without anemia, and the Pelger-Huet anomaly in the segmented neutrophils, along with elevated vitamin B12 levels, normal serum folic acid levels, and elevated fetal hemoglobin values (two cases). Bone marrow findings in all four patients were abnormal, suggestive of a myelodysplastic syndrome. These hematologic findings have not been previously reported and are important for monitoring a patient on valproic acid therapy. The Pelger-Huet anomaly may be mistaken for an elevated band count, the macrocytic anemia appears not to be secondary to a vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, and the thrombocytopenia may be sensitive to drug dosage. The bone marrow changes appear to be a drug-related myelodysplastic phenomenon.
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PMID:Severe hematologic toxicity of valproic acid. A report of four patients. 210 2

A 4.5 year old boy with cerebral palsy presented with seizures associated with facial flushing and tachycardia following the instillation of 1% cyclopentolate, a commonly used mydriatic in paediatric practice. He had no prior history of convulsions. This case demonstrates the uncommon, though serious, atropine-like side effect of cyclopentolate eyedrops (Cyclogyl, Alcon) in usual dosage in a brain damaged child without an epileptic focus.
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PMID:Seizures associated with 1% cyclopentolate eyedrops. 211 19

All mentally retarded (MR) subjects in a northern Swedish county were assessed for the occurrence of active epilepsy on a prevalence day. Active epilepsy was found in 299 subjects (20.2% of those with MR) corresponding to a crude prevalence rate of 1.2/1000 inhabitants. The age-specific prevalence for 0-9 years was higher for females than for males, while in other age groups it was slightly higher for males or showed no difference between the sexes. Epilepsy and MR were the only disorders in 129 subjects (43.1%). Cerebral palsy was the most common associated disorder and occurred in 100 (33.4%). A presumable etiology for epilepsy and MR was identified in 73.2% and 71.9%, respectively. The presumable etiological factors which caused MR occurred prenatally in 35%, perinatally in 10% and postnatally in 9%. The pathogenetic period was unknown in 31%. In 15%, the etiological events occurred during more than one of the above periods. The presumable causes were responsible for both epilepsy and MR in all except 7 cases. MR individuals with epilepsy were significantly more retarded than those without epilepsy. The first seizure occurred during the neonatal period in 11.6% and before 1 year of age in 27.7%. Generalized tonic-clonic seizures were the most common type and occurred in 204 subjects (68.2%). Seventy-one of these also had partial seizure manifestations. Daily to weekly seizures occurred in 26.8% and 32.0% had been seizure-free for the past year.
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PMID:Epilepsy in a population of mentally retarded children and adults. 214 25

Among 19,044 children born to mothers with monitored pregnancies and followed medically for at least 5 years, 41 (0.2%) had cerebral palsy that was not the result of a progressive disease or of a neural tube defect. All children without cerebral palsy were entered as controls subjects in the analysis. Significant prenatal or gestational predictors of cerebral palsy were a severe or nonsevere birth defect other than cerebral palsy or its sequelae, low birth weight, low placental weight, abnormal fetal position, and premature separation of the placenta. Maternal antecedents of cerebral palsy were unusually long or unusually short intervals between pregnancies and unusually long menstrual cycles. Perinatal risk factors were delayed crying as a measure of birth asphyxia and abnormal delivery. Children who had seizures within 48 hours of birth were at high risk for the development of cerebral palsy. Seventy-eight percent of children with cerebral palsy did not have birth asphyxia, and the 22% who did had other prenatal risk factors that may have compromised their recovery.
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PMID:Prenatal and perinatal factors in the etiology of cerebral palsy. 198 88

The nature, course and prognosis of seizures were investigated in patients with epilepsy and cerebral palsy (CP). 174 children with epilepsy were investigated: 57 with CP and 117 who were otherwise neurologically normal. Epilepsy in patients with CP was characterized by early age at onset, generalized focal and multifocal seizures and a poorer prognosis. The presence of cerebral palsy requires differential consideration of the severity of epilepsies. This may be of appreciable importance for the prognostic evaluation of anticonvulsant therapy or the course of epilepsy.
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PMID:Nature and prognosis of seizures in patients with cerebral palsy. 226 99

A patient of pyridoxine dependent seizures was reported. He was born at 34 weeks' gestation and weighted 2,760 g. Apgar scores were 6 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. He showed the first seizure 2 hours after his birth. Phenobarbital, phenytoin, sodium valproate, diazepam and clonazepam were not effective. Pyridoxal phosphate (50 mg) was given intravenously, resulting in suppression of convulsions. However, muscle tonus was severely depressed. In EEG, a discontinuous pattern was found in quiet and indeterminate sleep on the 2nd day of life. At 5th week multifocal spikes were found, and the discontinuous pattern persisted. Ictal discharges at 13th week showed generalized, continuous, irregular and high voltage slow waves with multifocal spikes. At 27th week of life, high voltage slow waves disappeared and multifocal spike discharges decreased. At 2 years and 10 months of age, the patient was suffering from athetotic cerebral palsy and severe mental retardation. Pyridoxal phosphate at the doses of 35-40 mg/kg/day had been administered. Irritability sometimes occurred and additional 50 mg of pyridoxal phosphate controlled this irritability effectively.
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PMID:[Chronological change of EEG findings in a case of pyridoxine dependency seizures]. 222 90

To determine whether vaginally born breech infants are at increased risk for morbid events as compared with breech infants delivered by cesarean, we studied 1240 singleton breech infants without congenital anomalies delivered in Northern California Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program hospitals during 1976-1977. Medical record review provided information on indications for method of delivery, delivery complications and injuries, neonatal complications, and neurologic sequelae up to 4 years of age. The relative risk estimates for asphyxia (1.0; 95% confidence interval 0.7, 1.4), head trauma (1.6; 95% confidence interval 0.2, 17.0), neonatal seizures (0.8; 95% confidence interval 0.1, 7.1), cerebral palsy (1.6; 95% confidence interval 0.2, 17.4), and developmental delay (2.0; 95% confidence interval 0.9, 4.4) for vaginally born compared with cesarean-delivered infants indicated that vaginally born infants were not at increased risk for these outcomes. We used multiple logistic regression to control for confounding variables. The adjusted relative risk estimate for the combined-outcome category of head trauma, neonatal seizures, cerebral palsy, mental retardation, or spasticity was 0.5 in vaginally delivered infants (95% confidence interval 0.1, 3.2). When all morbid outcomes were considered in combination, the adjusted relative risk estimate was 0.9 for vaginally delivered infants (95% confidence interval 0.6, 1.4).
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PMID:Morbidity among breech infants according to method of delivery. 232 65

Intraventricular hemorrhage is an uncommon problem in the full-term newborn. In a review of 19 full-term infants with intraventricular hemorrhage diagnosed on computed tomography prior to 1 month of age, thalamic hemorrhage associated with the intraventricular hemorrhage was documented in 12 infants. Thus, thalamic hemorrhage appears to the most common source of intraventricular hemorrhage in this age group, particularly in infants who had uneventful birth histories and in whom clinical abnormalities (signs of increased intracranial pressure, seizures, altered level of consciousness) developed after the first week of life. The majority of these infants had predisposing factors for cerebral venous infarction such as sepsis, cyanotic congenital heart disease, and coagulopathy. The clinical appearance and outcome for infants with thalamic hemorrhage/intraventricular hemorrhage were similar to those in infants with intraventricular hemorrhage originating from other sites, except for an increased incidence of cerebral palsy in infants with thalamic hemorrhage/intraventricular hemorrhage. Definitive diagnosis was made on the basis of characteristic radiologic abnormalities.
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PMID:Thalamic hemorrhage with intraventricular hemorrhage in the full-term newborn. 850 40

Two young males in their thirties are reported with a clinical history and examination indistinguishable from typical females with the Rett syndrome. Both had normal early development. The first patient had a regression by the end of the second year. He was late in walking, had prominent hand-wringing from the age of 4 years, and non-progressive dystonia from the age of 14 years. He is still ambulatory. Seizures which started at the age of 18 months have been easily controlled. The second patient has had a severe seizure disorder since the age of 7 months. In his early teens, he lost ambulation and his height and weight fell below the 2nd percentile. He has severe foot dystonia without spasticity. Both patients have a normal head size and no evidence of atrophy on a CT scan of the brain. Both had kyphoscoliosis in their teens. It is difficult to evaluate the incidence of such cases. Little attention being paid to the normal early development, they hide behind vague diagnoses such as cerebral palsy, static encephalopathy, and behavior disorder. Dystonia is often confused with spasticity, the lack of paralysis is not appreciated, apraxia and hand wringing are assumed to be self-stimulatory behaviors.
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PMID:The Rett syndrome in males. 234 22

In four cases of the Rett syndrome (RS) (age 3 1/2, 6, 11 and 12 years), paroxysmal activity and especially spike discharges over the central region could be blocked or attenuated by passive finger movements. This response, however, is not demonstrable in the majority of children with RS. The blocking or attenuating effect of passive movements is compared with earlier observations of central spike discharges occurring in children with benign Rolandic epilepsy. In some of these children, central spikes could be blocked by active hand movements. It was assumed that such a positive blocking response underscores the "functional" ("dysfunctional") character of the Rolandic spikes and the lack of local structural damage. In children with cerebral palsy, seizures and central spike (and evidence of structural brain damage), such a blocking response was not obtainable. Taking into consideration these earlier observations, there is reason to presume that the central spike activity found in RS is based on dysfunction rather than on structural impairment.
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PMID:Further EEG observations in children with the Rett syndrome. 234 27


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