Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We describe a series of experiments in which a subhuman primate model was used to create temporary and permanent cerebral ischemia by three separate mechanisms. In the first group of five baboons, a hemodynamic model was produced by creating unilateral and bilateral carotid stenotic lesions of varying degrees with and without associated reduction in systemic perfusion pressure. Only global ischemic changes and no focal changes resulted. In the second group of three baboons, a macroembolic model was produced by introducing solid particulate material into the extracranial circulation. No reversible contralateral focal neurologic changes resulted. In the third group of 11 baboons, cerebral ischemia was produced by introducing agents known to cause platelet aggregation (arachidonic acid, adenosine diphosphate, and collagen) into the extracranial arterial circulation. Arachidonic acid caused seizures, adenosine diphosphate caused severe postural hypotension, and only collagen fibrils produced a picture resembling a transient ischemic attack. We propose a theory that intravascular activation of the prostaglandin cascade by chemical initiation may result in the pathophysiologic changes of transient cerebral ischemia.
 ...
PMID:Pathogenesis of transient ischemic attacks and stroke in baboons. 292 78

The images of cranial computed tomographies on 7.921 patients aging between 50 and 98 years were analyzed retrospectively concerning the occurrence of WMLA. 3.344 patients were suffering from psychogeriatric disorders (organic brain syndrome, dementia, depressive or delusional psychoses). Neurological diagnoses (stroke, TIA, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, space occupying lesions, seizures, cerebral trauma, vertigo, chronic headache) occurred in 4.577 patients. WMLA was established in 761 cases. The combination of WMLA with cerebral atrophies, with single or multiple infarcts and with both infarcts and atrophy will be demonstrated within 4 groups: 1. organic brain syndrome and dementia, 2. depression and delusional states, 3. stroke and TIA, 4. other neurological diagnoses. In group one the combination of WMLA with atrophy and infarcts is the most common finding in CT. In group two WMLA without atrophies and infarcts are the main tissue changes in CT. Group three is marked mainly by the occurrence of recent infarcts together with WMLA. In group four again WMLA only, in some cases together with multiple infarcts, do occur mainly. Compared to the cases without WMLA in each group WMLA is seen in cases with organic brain syndromes and dementias three to five times more than in the other diagnostic groups. WMLA in computed tomography seems to be a common finding in patients and healthy individuals of old age. Therefore the diagnostic and differential diagnostic significance for brain diseases in old age is limited. Nevertheless in the field of psychogeriatric disorders it may be possess a certain value to understand the nature of such diseases. This value will be discussed and demonstrated considering the pathogenesis of WMLA on the basis of neuropathological results.
 ...
PMID:[Periventricular attenuation of the density of cerebral hemisphere white matter in computerized tomography of neuropsychiatric patients in the 2d half of life. Diagnostic significance and pathogenesis]. 322 Apr 19

Authors review 53 children, aged 0 to 14 years, affected with cerebrovascular ischemic strokes. Largest aetiological groups were: a) congenital heart disease, 16 patients; b) arteritis of unknown cause, 11; c) idiopathic arterial occlusion without arteritis images on angiography, 7; d) moyamoya disease, 6; and d) local or systemic infections, 5. The mode of onset was as completed stroke in 72% and stroke in evolution in 24%. After acute stage 17.6% of patients presented other definitive strokes, 11.7% suffered only transient ischemic strokes (TIA), and 4% reversible ischemic neurologic deficits (RIND). Mean follow-up was 4.36 years, 9.8% of patients died, 11.8% recovered completely and 52.9% improved after initial stroke. Poor global evolution was associated with heart disease (p less than 0.05) and with onset of strokes before age 2 (p less than 0.05). Most important sequelae, besides motor impairment, were epilepsy (49%) and mental retardation (50% got less than IQ 80). Late epilepsy was associated with seizures at onset (p less than 0.05). Clinical factors of adverse mental development were: a) seizures at onset, b) late epilepsy and c) stroke before age 2. 66% of cases had two or more arterial lesions in the same or in different arterial trees. Therefore, embolic and arteritic factors probably play an important role in infancy and childhood stroke.
 ...
PMID:[Ischemic cerebrovascular accidents in childhood]. 340 Sep 36

Intracarotid BCNU (100 mg/m2) and cisplatin (60 mg/m2) were administered to 36 patients with malignant brain tumors recurrent or progressive after cranial irradiation. Courses of therapy were repeated at 4-6 week intervals. Of 23 evaluable patients with recurrent glioma, 9 (39%) had tumor regression by CT scan and 3 had stable disease. The median time to tumor progression for responding patients was 37 weeks. For all patients with primary tumors it was 14 weeks. Six of 9 patients with no prior chemotherapy had a response and 1 had stable disease. Of 14 patients who had received prior chemotherapy, 3 had a response and 2 had stable disease. Survival ranged from 9 weeks to 95+ weeks (median 34 weeks) from start of therapy. Six of 23 patients with primary tumors are alive 1 year or more following therapy. Four of 11 patients with brain metastases had a response and 2 had stable disease. Major neurologic toxicity of intracarotid BCNU and cisplatin appeared cumulative and consisted of reversible hemiparesis in 3% of 118 courses, TIA in 1%, expressive aphasia in 9%, lethargy in 3%, seizures in 12%, and reversible confusion in 1%. Retinal toxicity consisted of mild blurring of vision in 4 patients and ipsilateral blindness in 5 patients. Three of 22 patients who had received supraophthalmic infusion later developed evidence of leukoencephalopathy. Intracarotid BCNU and cisplatin appears to have modest increase in activity over intracarotid cisplatin alone (Cancer 54:794, 1984), however, neurologic and retinal toxicity may also be increased.
 ...
PMID:Phase II trial of intracarotid BCNU and cisplatin in primary malignant brain tumors. 370 37

In a retrospective study the reports of 211 cases of cardiogenic cerebral embolism--diagnosed on the base of neurological and cardiological findings--were analyzed in view of signs and findings of prognostic value. There were 21 patients with TIA, 39 cases of RIND and 151 patients with cerebral infarction, 60 of which showed mild and 91 severe neurological symptoms. 38 patients died during the period of hospitalization. While sex of the patients as well as vascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking) did not influence the clinical course of the disease, patients with TIA or RIND in general were younger (about 5 years) than those with severe stroke. Prognosis of cardiogenic cerebral embolism depended to a great degree on the underlying heart disease. Cerebral embolism after myocardial infarction showed a better remission of symptoms than embolism in atrial fibrillation. In the group of valvular diseases the course of embolic strokes in mitral lesions was worse than in aortal valve disease. Prognosis was worst in endocarditis, both in view of neurological deficit and of mortality. Mostly, the cardiogenic emboli lead to infarctions of the middle cerebral artery territory (78 per cent) with a predilection for the left hemisphere. In media-syndromes the clinical course was significantly worse in patients with additional homonymous visual defect compared to incomplete infarctions. Initial disturbance of conscience reduced prognosis quoad vitam et restitutionem significantly. Of the neuroradiological findings, the detection of arterial occlusion or circulatory disturbance in angiography as well as the finding of an ischemic lesion in computed axial tomography (CAT) was correlated with a severe course of the embolic stroke. While 7 patients with hemorrhagic infarction in CAT-Scan showed no differences in the clinical course, the 14 patients with pathological cerebral spinal fluid findings in embolism had an unfavourable prognosis. The development of epileptic seizures did not influence the further course of the infarction to a significant extent. Results are compared with the current world literature.
 ...
PMID:[Prognosis of cardiogenic cerebral embolism]. 374 66

Essential thrombocythemia is a clonal myeloproliferative disorder, characterized predominantly by a markedly elevated platelet count without known cause. We report a case that was recognized during investigation of a transient ischemic attack, and review the neurologic findings in 33 patients with unequivocal essential thrombocythemia under prospective study by the Polycythemia Vera Study Group. Twenty-one patients had neurologic manifestations at some point during their course, including headache (13 patients), paresthesiae (10), posterior cerebral circulatory ischemia (9), anterior cerebral circulatory ischemia (6), visual disturbances (6) and epileptic seizures (2). All patients with neurologic symptoms responded satisfactorily to treatment, although continuous or repeated treatment was often required. Therapeutic recommendations include plateletpheresis for major thrombo-hemorrhagic phenomena, or megakaryocyte suppression with radioactive phosphorus, alkylating agents (such as melphalan), or hydroxyurea; minor symptoms may respond to platelet antiaggregating agents.
 ...
PMID:Neurologic manifestations of essential thrombocythemia. 668 92

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) has been studied by the xenon-133 (133Xe) inhalation method in 16 children with suspected sickle cell cerebrovascular disease. Abnormalities consisting of decreases in total, hemispheral, or regional CBF were found in 17 of 26 studies. Eleven studies performed immediately after stroke, transient ischemic attack, or depression of state of alertness showed abnormalities. In addition to confirming regional cerebrovascular insufficiency in children with stroke due to major cerebral artery occlusion, the method detected diffuse decrease in CBF in children with stupor, coma, and seizures who had normal angiographic findings. In contrast, six of seven studies obtained after exchange transfusion or during maintenance on hypertransfusion therapy showed normal findings. The difference between results in patients with acute neurologic disturbances and those receiving transfusion therapy was statistically significant (P less than .005). The data indicate that the 133Xe method reliably demonstrates cerebrovascular impairment in sickle cell disease. They also suggest that CBF changes in patients with sickle cell disease can be reversed by exchange transfusion and by hypertransfusion therapy. The 133Xe CBF method may be useful for following up children with sickle cell disease who are at high risk for recurrent stroke.
 ...
PMID:Cerebral blood flow in sickle cell cerebrovascular disease. 671 16

In patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA), the risk of stroke increases greatly, especially in the months immediately following the initial attack. Diagnosis of TIA is based primarily on the patient's cerebrovascular history, since results of neurovascular examination are usually normal. TIA is often related to atherosclerotic arterial disease but can have numerous causes. Migraine, focal seizures, and other neurologic conditions can closely mimic TIA. Surgical and medical therapies help minimize the risk of stroke. The choice of therapy depends on the vascular territory of ischemia, the cause of the attack, the patient's medical and neurologic condition, the availability of a skilled surgeon, and other factors.
 ...
PMID:Transient ischemic attacks. Strategies for minimizing stroke risk. 671 81

Forty-six patients were studied with N-isopropyl I-123 p-iodoamphetamine (IMP) and the Harvard Scanning Multidetector Brain System. In nine control patients, good differentiation between the gray and white matter of the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia was evident. Regional uptake was affected by physiologic maneuvers (visual stimulation). In 24 patients studied for stroke, IMP images demonstrated areas that were involved in acute infarction in eight patients whose initial transmission computerized tomography (TCT) was normal; IMP also showed perfusion abnormalities larger than the TCT abnormality in ten patients. Perfusion abnormalities were present in 23/24 of these patients. Seven patients studied with a history of TIA had normal TCT and IMP images. In three patients studied during seizure activity, regions of hyperperfusion corresponded to the EEG seizure focus. Markedly decreased activity was present in three patients with brain tumor and corresponded to the focal abnormality on the TCT study. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of assessing regional brain perfusion using a radiopharmaceutical that is lipid soluble and has a high extraction fraction in the brain, together with single-photon ECT.
 ...
PMID:Initial experience with SPECT (single-photon computerized tomography) of the brain using N-isopropyl I-123 p-iodoamphetamine: concise communication. 697 24

Based on provisional clinical diagnosis, the choice of computed cranial tomography (CCT) or radionuclide brain scan (RBS) was retrospectively evaluated. In 1,333 selected cases, 551 had CCT only, 560 had RBS only, and 222 had both. CCT was the clinician's preference in cases of dementia, hydrocephalus, hemorrhage, aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation (AVM), primary tumor, visual abnormality, coma, and multiple sclerosis. RBS was preferred in headache, syncope, seizure, transient ischemic attack (TIA), metastatic disease, and encephalitis. Neither procedure appeared preferable in cases of psychosis, psychiatric disease, cerebral vascular accident (CVA), and abscess. Thirty-eight percent of CCTs yielded abnormal findings, not necessarily correlated with the provisional diagnosis. Thirty percent of RBS showed positive findings, mostly related to vascular abnormalities. On the basis of the provisional clinical diagnosis, CCT was more frequently requested for probable structural changes and RBS for probable perfusion abnormalities.
 ...
PMID:Utility of the provisional clinical diagnosis as a basis for selection of computed tomographic or radionuclide brain scan. 727 14


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>