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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Both naturally occurring disease processes and experimental models of human disease in the Mongolian gerbil were reviewed. The gerbil was highly susceptible to cerebral infarction following unilateral ligation of one common carotid artery and was useful in studies of the pathogenesis of stroke. Spontaneous epileptiform seizures mimicked those of human idiopathic epilepsy, and both seizure-sensitive and resistant strains have been bred. Perhaps because of its more efficient nephron, the gerbil accumulated four to six times as much renal lead as the rat, and the gerbil has been proposed as an experimental model of lead nephropathy. On standard diets, about 10% of the animals became obese, and some showed decreased glucose tolerance, elevated serum immunoreactive insulin and diabetic changes in the pancreas and other organs. Some breeders exhibited hyperactivity of the adrenal cortex associated with hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and degenerative vascular disease. Although dietary supplements of cholesterol were toxic and did not induce atherosclerosis, the gerbil was useful in other studies of cholesterol absorption and metabolism. Spontaneous, insidious periodontal disease became evident after about 6 months on standard diets, and dental caries were induced by cariogenic diets or by pathodontic streptococci. Spontaneous neoplasia occurred in 8.4--24% of gerbils, usually after 2 years of life. Adrenal cortical, ovarian and cutaneous tumors were the most consistently reported neoplasms.
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PMID:The pathology of the Mongolian Gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus): a review. 9 95

(1) Neurologic complications remain a significant problem in bacterial endocarditis. Of 218 patients with endocarditis, 84 (39%) had a neurologic complication and 58% of these 84 patients died. In contrast, the mortality rate was only 20% among those endocarditis patients without neurologic complications. (2) Of the neurologic complications, cerebral embolism is the most frequent and important. An embolic stroke occurred in 37 (17%) of our patients, with 30 of these patients dying. Emboli are important not only in terms of the direct morbidity and mortality they cause via cerebral infarction, but also because of their role in the causation of mycotic aneurysms, brain abscesses, and abnormal CSF formulae. (3) Cerebral emboli are particularly common in patients with mitral valve infection, and in patients with infection due to virulent organisms, particularly S. aureus and enteric gram-negative bacilli. (4) Mycotic aneurysms occur more frequently in the course of acute endocarditis rather than late in the course of subacute disease. Management of angiographically demonstrated mycotic aneurysms is dependent upon the presence or absence of hemorrhage, the anatomic location of the aneurysm, and the clinical course of the patient. Healing of mycotic aneurysms can occur during the course of effective antimicrobial therapy, thus obviating the need for neurosurgical intervention in all such patients. (5) Macroscopic brain abscess is a rare complication of bacterial endocarditis. Miliary microscopic abscesses are more common than larger abscesses, particularly in patients with acute disease and miliary infection in other organs of the body. (6) Focal seizures occur most commonly in endocarditis patients with acute embolic disease; generalized seizures are of diverse etiologies, with metabolic factors being most important. Penicillin neurotoxicity should be considered in patients with impaired renal function who are receiving high dose penicillin. (7) With the exception of hemorrhagic complications, lumbar puncture results tend to reflect the nature of the infecting organism rather than the nature of the neurologic complication. Endocarditis due to virulent organisms such as S. aureus is usually associated with a purulent CSF formula while nonvirulent organisms, such as viridans streptococci, susually have aseptic or normal CSF formulae.
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PMID:Neurologic complications of bacterial endocarditis. 58 Jul 94

Three patients with left atrial myxoma presented with prominent neurologic symptoms and signs (cerebrovascular disease and/or syncope) within the past year. Two patients died because antemortem diagnosis was late or missed. One patient was successfully treated. Cardiac myxoma produces protean clinical manifestations that do not always include cardiac signs and symptoms. Neurologists may be called on for diagnostic consultation in patients who will prove to have cardiac myxoma. Unexplained transient ischemic attacks, cerebral infarction, or syncope (with possible features of seizure activity) are common neurologic manifestations of this disease. Additionally, systemic symptoms, signs, and laboratory data suggestive of collagen vascular disease or vasculitis are also often present. Echocardiography is a dependable noninvasive procedure for a confirmation of diagnosis in suspected cases.
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PMID:Cardiac myxoma: a diagnostic challenge for the neurologist. 98 13

Serum levels of IgE, other immunoglobulins and C'3 were measured in 36 MS patients, and the results compared with those of 40 age- and sex-matched patients hospitalized on Neurology Service. Diagnoses among controls included cerebral infarction, cervical spondylosis, nonmigrainous headache, seizure disorders and peripheral neuropathy. Six patients in the MS group and seven in the non-MS group had a past history of allergy to food, drugs, dust or other substances. IgE levels were measured by double-antibody radioimmunoassay. Other immunoglobulins (G, M, D and A) and C'3 were quantitated by Mancini's method. Results indicate that the median IgE and C'3 levels of MS patients were slightly lower than those for non-MS subjects. Concentrations of other immunoglobulins were similar for the two groups. CSF samples from 12 MS and five non-MS patients were studied and none of these contained measureable (greater than 7.5 U/ml) IgE. In view of: 1) recent reports describing mast cells in MS plaques, 2) the suggested role of biogenic amines in the pathogenesis of demyelinating diseases, and 3) because IgE exists in free and cell bound state, it is suggested that tissue surveys of MS plaques for IgE deposits similar to those seen in glomeruli in nephrotic syndromes may provide a clue to the pathogenesis of MS.
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PMID:Circulating IgE, allergy and multiple sclerosis. Serum levels of IgE, other immunoglobulins and complement (C's) in patients with multiple sclerosis in exacerbation and other neurologic diseases. 125 79

HIV-1-related neurological diseases, excluding opportunistic infections and HIV encephalitis, are considered here. Most occur in severely immunosuppressed patients, with CD4 counts of under 200 x 10(6) l-1. Primary brain lymphoma and metastases from systemic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, the second commonest cause of cerebral mass lesions in AIDS, are usually aggressive B cell tumours. Their poor median survival after treatment, compared with that of lymphomas in non-AIDS patients, seems related to systemic complications, particularly opportunistic infections. Kaposi's sarcoma produces neurological symptoms exceptionally. Cerebral infarction is often unrecognized clinically but large vessel arteritic occlusions may occur. Intracranial haemorrhages occur mostly in thrombocytopenic patients. Seizures are frequently referred to the neurologist; investigation may lead to a diagnosis of AIDS. Nearly 50% of patients with seizures have cerebral toxoplasmosis or cryptococcal meningitis; HIV-1 encephalitis is presumed to be the cause in 30%. A subacute or chronic vacuolar myelopathy with pyramidal and posterior column signs is the commonest form of spinal cord involvement in AIDS; its cause remains unknown. Peripheral nerve syndromes occur at all stages of HIV-1 infection. Distal symmetrical peripheral neuropathies are the most frequent, particularly a painful form with axonal atrophy, associated with CMV infection, and seen during ARC or AIDS. Mononeuritis multiplex due to vasculitis, CMV, or lymphoma and a serious lumbosacral polyradiculopathy due to CMV are infrequent. The commonest myopathy is due to zidovudine (AZT); it usually responds to drug withdrawal. The nature, prognosis and optimal management of most other myopathies is yet to be determined.
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PMID:Other neurological diseases in HIV-1 infection: clinical aspects. 134 49

38 cases of Takayasu's arteritis were reported. The mean age of onset was 23.3 years with a female: male ratio of 1:1.7. The median delay between first symptom and time of diagnosis was 12.2 years. Headache was the most common symptom of neurologic manifestations (55%). Major neurologic events occurred in 52.7% patients in this group, including TIA, cerebral infarction, hypertensive encephalopathy, lacunar infarct, seizure, paraplegia, watershed infarct, cerebral hemorrhage, Moyamoya phenomenon, and confusion in the order of frequency. A variety of mechanisms that must be taken into account in explaining this neurologic events were proposed. The secondary hypertension and cardiac complications play an important role in causing neurologic symptoms. The formation of anastomotic networks has "Jekyll and Hyde" effect on brain both in preventing or limiting the ischemic injury and in producing some special symptoms and signs, that further widen the clinical spectrum of brain involvement.
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PMID:[Neurological manifestation of Takayasu's arteritis]. 136 36

A prospective study of 98 consecutive adults with a first seizure to determine the most important etiological factors and the optimum diagnostics. 27 were thought to have cryptogenic seizures. Main causes of symptomatic seizures were: cerebral infarction, alcohol-withdrawal, CNS infections, tumors, vascular malformations, traumatism and miscellanea. Eight were infected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) representing 8.2% of all the patients with a first seizure and 20% of the 15-45-year age group. CT disclosed structural lesions in 33 cases. MRI in those with normal CT and no other explanation of seizure revealed additional lesions in 22.2%, but did not change management in any. We conclude that CT is essential in evaluation of adults with first seizure. MRI may be useful in selected cases. The HIV-infected now represent an important group with a first seizure.
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PMID:First seizure in adults: a prospective study from the emergency department. 141 22

We report two full-term infants who developed repetitive focal seizures within the first 48 hours of life. Neither infant had predisposing factors and there were no abnormalities on a computed tomography (CT) scan performed on day 2 of life. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed during the second week of life showed a focal hemorrhagic infarction in both patients. We conclude that either an MRI or a contrast-enhanced CT scan should be obtained within 1 week in patients in whom the initial imaging technique failed to reveal a focal lesion, at which time a cerebral infarction can be diagnosed with greater sensitivity.
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PMID:Magnetic resonance imaging in full-term infants with repetitive focal seizures. 143 83

A white girl with a history of atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) and persistent microangiopathic anemia, and thrombocytopenia for 2 months after the initial presentation at age 7 months, received her first cadaveric renal transplant at age 3 years. During the first 2.5 days post transplant, she developed progressive thrombocytopenia and anemia followed by tonic-clonic seizures and loss of consciousness, secondary to a diffuse cerebral infarction of the left hemisphere. Renal histology showed evidence of glomerular microthrombi and microangiopathy. A large cerebral infarct, previously described in patients during their initial presentation with HUS, presented in our patient as part of the recurrence of the disease post renal transplantation.
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PMID:Cerebral infarct with recurrence of hemolytic-uremic syndrome in a child following renal transplantation. 148 44

Cocaine abuse has become one of America's leading public health problems. Its use throughout pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of abruptio placentae, stillbirth, and preterm labor. Cocaine-associated neonatal complications include congenital malformations, decreased fetal growth, seizures, cerebral infarction and hemorrhage, auditory system deficits, sudden infant death syndrome, cardiac arrhythmias, necrotizing enterocolitis, and behavioral changes. Children followed throughout the first year of life continue to show developmental delay. Infants and children growing up in cocaine-abusing families are at risk for drug-related injuries. Accidental and intentional intoxication has occurred in infants and children from the smoke of freebase cocaine. The drug has also caused intoxication in breast-feeding infants. Adolescents experimenting with cocaine are at risk, with an apparently high frequency of seizures and loss of consciousness, as well as behavioral changes and psychosocial dysfunction.
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PMID:Cocaine: its effects on maternal and child health. 154 34


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