Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

23 unselected juvenile firesetters (M age 12.0 yr.) consisted of seven with schizophrenia, three with organic mental disorder, six with posttraumatic stress disorder, two with severe mental retardation, and two with conduct disorders. Three previously nondestructive boys (M age 11.0 yr.), all of them loners, did not fit such traditional diagnoses. Their fleeting (c. 20 min.) symptoms included flat affect, autonomic arousal, and delusions or hallucinations. It appeared that their motiveless, unplanned acts were each preceded by a chance encounter with an individualized stimulus which revived the three boys' repeatedly ruminated memories of intermittently experienced merely moderate stresses associated with fire, smoke, or matches. Such a sequence of events is characteristic of seizure kindling. One boy's abnormal EEG was congruent with seizures in the temporal lobe area, which includes the amygdala, i.e., that part of the limbic system particularly susceptible to seizure kindling. The three boys' consistent symptomatology was very similar to that reported for 17 men with bizarre homicidal acts implicating a kindled partial seizure called "Limbic Psychotic Trigger Reaction." In primates, too, similar partial nonconvulsive "behavioral seizures" with psychosis-like symptoms can be elicited through experiential kindling.
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PMID:Motiveless firesetting: implicating partial limbic seizure kindling by revived memories of fires in "Limbic Psychotic Trigger Reaction". 1040 7

Absence status (AS), or "Petit Mal status" is a polymorphic condition that can complicate many epileptic syndromes. Diagnosis is difficult on the basis of clinical semiology alone, and requires emergency EEG. Although heterogeneous, the most typical ictal pattern is constituted by slow generalized rhythmic spike-waves (SW) or polyspike-waves (PSW) complexes. In a number of cases, clinical and EEG normalization is obtained after intravenous (i.v.) benzodiazepine (BZ) injection. In some difficult cases, neuropsychological investigations before and after BZ injection is useful: a significant improvement of the neuropsychological score should occur following BZ injection. On a nosographic point of view, literature data indicate that 4 types of AS may be recognized. Typical AS occurs as part of an idiopathic generalised epilepsy most often characterized by absences. Isolated impairment of consciousness, at times with subtle jerks of the eyelids, is the essential symptomatology. The EEG correlates with repetitive absence seizures and shows symmetric and bilateral synchronous SW or PSW complexes faster than 3 Hz. The immediate prognosis is excellent. Atypical AS occurs in patients with symptomatic or cryptogenic generalized epilepsies and is characterized by a fluctuating confusional state with more prominent tonic and/or myoclonic and/or lateralized ictal manifestations than occur in typical AS. The EEG shows continuous or intermittent diffuse irregular slow SW or PSW complexes. The immediate prognosis is guarded, as these episodes tend to recur and to be resistant to medication. "De novo" absence status of late onset is characterized by toxic or metabolic precipitating factors in middle-aged or elderly subjects with no previous history of epilepsy. Patients often have a history of psychiatric illness with multiple psychotropic drug intake. The electroclinical characteristics and the immediate prognosis are variable. These episodes of AS generally represent acute symptomatic seizures and may not recur if the triggering factors can be controlled or corrected. Long-term antiepileptic drugs may thus not be needed. Absence status with focal characteristics occur in subjects with a pre-existing or newly developing partial epilepsy, most often of extra-temporal origin. The EEG shows bilateral but often asymmetric ictal discharges. The immediate prognosis is variable. Some of these cases are difficult to distinguish from complex partial status epilepticus of frontal lobe origin.
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PMID:[Absence status epilepsy]. 1063 22

This paper is the twenty-first installment of our annual review of research concerning the opiate system. It summarizes papers published during 1998 that studied the behavioral effects of the opiate peptides and antagonists, excluding the purely analgesic effects, although stress-induced analgesia is included. The specific topics covered this year include stress; tolerance and dependence; eating and drinking; alcohol; gastrointestinal, renal, and hepatic function; mental illness and mood; learning, memory, and reward; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; seizures and other neurologic disorders; electrical-related activity; general activity and locomotion; sex, pregnancy, and development; immunologic responses; and other behaviors.
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PMID:Endogenous opiates: 1998. 1069 31

The purpose of this paper is to understand the association between antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), patient characteristics, changes in seizure pattern and emergent psychiatric disorder, i.e. psychosis or affective disorder. To this end we carried out a retrospective casenote study on 89 patients who developed psychiatric symptoms during treatment with topiramate, vigabatrin or tiagabine. The psychiatric problem was either an affective or a psychotic disorder (not including affective psychoses). It was discovered that 99% of the patients suffered from complex partial seizures with or without secondary generalization. More than half were on polytherapy with two or more other AEDs. Nearly two-thirds had a previous psychiatric history. There was a strong association between the type of previous psychiatric illness and the type of emerging psychiatric problem, both for psychoses and for affective disorders. Patients on vigabatrin had an earlier onset of epilepsy and more neurological abnormalities than those on topiramate. Those patients on lower doses had a shorter interval between the start of the AED therapy and the onset of the psychiatric problem. A seizure-free period was observed in more than half of the patients before they developed the psychiatric symptoms, and of these more were likely to develop a psychosis rather than an affective disorder. There seemed to be an association of suppression of right-sided seizures and the onset of the psychiatric problem. The conclusions drawn were that patients with a previous history of psychosis or affective disorder tended to develop the same psychiatric problem with new AEDs. Those with a seizure-free period before the onset of the psychiatric problem were more likely to develop a psychosis than an affective disorder.
Seizure 2000 Jun
PMID:Psychiatric symptoms after therapy with new antiepileptic drugs: psychopathological and seizure related variables. 1088 Feb 83

We have identified three unrelated probands with autistic disorder (AD) and isodicentric chromosomes that encompass the proximal region of 15q11.2. All three probands met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition [DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994], and International Classification of Diseases ( ICD-10) diagnostic criteria for AD, confirmed with the Autism Diagnostic Interview -Revised (ADI-R). Chromosome analysis revealed the following karyotypes: 47,XX,+idic(15)(q11.2), 47,XX, +idic(15) (q11.2), and 47,XY,+idic(15)(q11.2). Haplotype analysis of genotypic maker data in the probands and their parents showed that marker chromosomes in all three instances were of maternal origin. Comparison of the clinical findings of the three AD probands with case reports in the published literature (N = 20) reveals a clustering of physical and developmental features. Specifically, these three probands and the majority of reported probands in the literature exhibited hypotonia (n = 13), seizures (n = 13), and delayed gross motor development (n = 13). In addition, clustering of the following clinical signs was seen with respect to exhibited speech delay (n = 13), lack of social reciprocity (n = 11), and stereotyped behaviors (n = 12). Collectively, these data provide further evidence for the involvement of chromosome 15 in AD as well as present preliminary data suggesting a clustering of clinical features in AD probands with proximal 15q anomalies.
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PMID:Three probands with autistic disorder and isodicentric chromosome 15. 1089 16

There has been an increased incidence of malaria among Europeans returning from Africa and Asia. The relatively new antimalarial mefloquine (Lariam) has become extremely popular due to its efficacy in treating the wide-spread chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Mefloquine is used both for prophylaxis and treatment of malaria and is relatively well tolerated. However, since introduced in 1985, there have been over 100 reports of severe neurologic and psychiatric adverse effects associated with its use, including acute psychosis, affective disorders, acute confusional states and seizures. We describe a 39-year-old woman who developed acute psychosis after being given mefloquine prophylaxis. Adverse effects occur more often after therapeutic rather than prophylactic use, and those with a history of seizures or psychiatric illness are at increased risk of developing these reactions. Physicians should be aware of these possible side effects and prescribe mefloquine only when indicated.
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PMID:[Neuropsychiatric side effects of malarial prophylaxis with mefloquine (Lariam)]. 1095 70

Studies of the hippocampus as a target of stress and stress hormones have revealed a considerable degree of structural plasticity in the adult brain. Repeated stress causes shortening and debranching of dendrites in the CA3 region of the hippocampus and suppresses neurogenesis of dentate gyrus granule neurons. Both forms of structural remodeling of the hippocampus appear to be reversible and are mediated by glucocorticoid hormones working in concert with excitatory amino acids (EAA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, along with transmitters such as serotonin and the GABA-benzodiazepine system. Glucocorticoids, EAA, and NMDA receptors are also involved in neuronal damage and death that is caused in pyramidal neurons by seizures and by ischemia. A similar mechanism may be involved in hippocampal damage caused by severe and prolonged psychosocial stress. Studies using magnetic resonance imaging have shown that there is a selective atrophy of the human hippocampus in a number of psychiatric disorders, as well as during aging in some individuals, accompanied by deficits in declarative, spatial, and contextual memory performance. It is therefore important to appreciate how hippocampal dysfunction may play a role in the symptoms of the psychiatric illness and, from a therapeutic standpoint, to distinguish between a permanent loss of cells and a reversible remodeling to develop treatment strategies to prevent or reverse deficits. Remodeling of the hippocampus may be only the tip of the iceberg; other brain regions may also be affected.
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PMID:Effects of adverse experiences for brain structure and function. 1106 67

It has been suggested that the response to antipyretic therapy might differentiate between fevers due to serious illness and fevers caused by less severe disorders; that neoplastic fevers are more responsive to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs than are infectious fevers; that the metabolic costs of fever can exceeds its clinical benefits; that antipyretic therapy can prevent or reverse febrile seizures in children and fever-associated mental dysfunction in frail elderly patients. This article examines the data on which these assertions are based.
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PMID:Diagnostic implications and clinical consequences of antipyretic therapy. 1111 28

This paper is the twenty-second installment of the annual review of research concerning the opiate system. It summarizes papers published during 1999 that studied the behavioral effects of the opiate peptides and antagonists, excluding the purely analgesic effects, although stress-induced analgesia is included. The specific topics covered this year include stress; tolerance and dependence; learning, memory, and reward; eating and drinking; alcohol and other drugs of abuse; sexual activity, pregnancy, and development; mental illness and mood; seizures and other neurologic disorders; electrical-related activity; general activity and locomotion; gastrointestinal, renal, and hepatic function; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; and immunologic responses.
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PMID:Endogenous opiates: 1999. 1115 Jun 56

The deinstitutionalization movement is presently spreading in Europe. Studies evaluating the effects of deinstitutionalization on behaviour disturbances among people with intellectual disability (ID) have been inconclusive. The present paper focuses on people without self-injurious behaviour (SIB) who developed SIB after deinstitutionalization. The present authors studied individual and environmental characteristics before and after deinstitutionalization to look for factors associated with the development of SIB which could also be possible intervention points for preventive action. All those individuals in an institution for people with ID who did not have SIB before deinstitutionalization were included in the present study. The individuals who developed SIB after deinstitutionalization (n = 15) formed the study group (group A) and those who did not (n = 53) comprised the control group (group B). The population was examined both before and after deinstitutionalization. As far as possible, the same methods were used at both occasions. The covariates were both individual (e.g. mental health, behaviour disturbances and behaviour deficits) and environmental (e.g. caretaker education, caretaker:patient ratio, housing and leisure activities). Psychiatric disorders were identified in 1987 and 1995 with the Psychopathology Instrument for Mentally Retarded Adults, which was filled in by the caretakers. In 1987, the people in group A who acquired SIB had lower developmental quotients, used wheelchairs more often and had trouble with moving around without help. They also had a greater frequency of epileptic seizures, and hearing and communication impairment. In 1995, there were only minor environmental differences between groups A and B. There were significantly more individuals involved in the rotation period and more unskilled caretakers working with the people in group A than group B. The present authors found no differences between the two groups on variables such as global mental health and behaviour disturbances, or in the use of neuroleptics before or after deinstitutionalization. Groups A and B did not show differences in behaviour disturbances or psychiatric disorders in 1987. In both 1987 and 1995, there were no differences between groups A and B on variables such as accommodation, caretaker:patient ratio, the number of caretakers involved in direct care, the caretakers' education, or the time spent in structured activities before and after deinstitutionalization. The individual characteristics indicating that a person may acquire SIB are behaviour deficits which are suggestive of central nervous system dysfunction or damage, even if the results are inconclusive. The development of SIB may also be facilitated by communication deficits or by reinforcement of a incidentally occurring SIB if the staff includes many unskilled caretakers in the rotation period.
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PMID:Self-injurious behaviour before and after deinstitutionalization. 1129 51


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