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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Of 109 children treated daily with phenobarbital following the first fibrile convulsion, 42% developed a behavior disorder, usually hyperactivity. Daily phenobarbital therapy was prematurely discontinued in 54% of the children with behavior abnormality (20% of those treated). The behavior disturbance usually appeared within several months, was no correlated with high blood barbiturate levels, disappeared in 73%, and improved in all children when barbiturate therapy was discontinued. No characteristics of the child, the initial febrile seizure, or recurrence of febrile seizures were significantly correlated with the occurrence of the behavior disorder except for behavioral abnormality preceding the initial febrile convulsion. Eighteen percent of the children who received no phenobarbital developed behavior disorder, most often hyperactivity. The behavior disturbance spontaneously disappeared in 52%. Among these children not given phenobarbital, the group with normal behavior had a greater frequency of family history of seizures, especially febrile convulsions, and a lower frequency of preseizure behavior disturbance; abnormalities of pregnancy, labor, delivery, and neonatal period; delayed milestones; long seizures; abnormal results of neurological examination; abnormal EEG; and recurrent febrile seizures.
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PMID:Behavior disturbance, phenobarbital, and febrile seizures. 66 11

1. EEGs were recorded on 40 burned (acute) patients during their hospitalization. Abnormal records were seen in 88% of the 49 records, all showing slow waves and nearly 10% with epileptiform activity. EEG abnormality seems related to the combination of total body surface burned and time after burn and is maximal not immediately after the burn, but within 3-11 days after the trauma when hyperventilation, hypopotassemia and deaths tend to occur. 2. EEGs were also recorded on 27 (chronic) patients, 17 with seizures and 10 others with cognitive-behavior disorders. All showed an abnormal EEG. Patients with seizures showed slow waves in 82% of cases, often diffuse, usually more marked than those seen in the cognitive-behavior disorders; 41% of patients with seizures showed epiliptiform activity. Patients with cognitive-behavior disorders showed slow waves abnormalities, usually mild in degree of severity; positive spikes were found in patients specifically with a behavior disorder.
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PMID:Seizures following burns of the skin. III. Electroencephalographic recordings. 116 66

Autism is a behavior disorder with genetic influences indicated from twin and family studies and from the co-occurrence of autism with known genetic disorders. Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a known genetic disorder with behavioral manifestations including autism. A literature review of these two disorders substantiates a significant association of autism and TSC with 17-58% of TSC subjects manifesting autism and 0.4-3% of autistic subjects having TSC. In initial data collected on 13 TSC probands and 14 autistic probands in our family study of autism and TSC, we identified 7 TSC subjects with autism. The seven TSC autistic probands are similar to non-TSC autistic probands on the Social and Communication domains of the Autism Diagnostic Inventory (ADI) (Le Couteur et al., 1989), but show fewer Repetitive Rituals. There are more male TSC probands with autism than female, despite an equal sex ratio among TSC probands. The TSC probands with autism have significantly more seizures and mental retardation than those without autism; however, the extent and etiology of associations require further study. Our preliminary findings suggest that a fruitful approach for delineating genetic influences in autism may come from further investigation of possible mechanisms underlying the association of autism and TSC.
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PMID:Autism and tuberous sclerosis. 140 Jan 3

Paradoxical or "forced" normalization of the EEG of patients with epilepsy was first described by Landolt in 1953. It refers to conditions where disappearance of epileptiform discharge from the routine scalp EEG is accompanied by some kind of behavioral disorder. The best known of these is a paranoid psychotic state in clear consciousness, which is also known as "alternative" psychosis. Thus, the issue is related to much older observations which indicated a "biological antagonism" between productive psychotic symptomatology and epileptic seizures, which led to the therapy of psychoses with artificially induced convulsions. Apart from psychotic episodes, the clinical manifestations of PN comprise dysphoric states, hysterical and hypochondriacal syndromes, affective disorders, and miscellanea. PN can be observed in both generalized and localization-related epilepsies as a rare complication. A subset where it is more frequently seen are in adults with persistent absence seizures when the latter become finally controlled by succinimide therapy. These seem to be the drugs with the highest hazard of precipitation of PN, but all other AEDs have also been suspected. Sleep disturbance by succinimide treatment may play a crucial role, but a variety of other factors are also involved, including psychosocial factors. The pathogenesis of this condition has given rise to some debate but remains still unresolved. Eleven of the most important hypotheses have been discussed and seem to converge into a more comprehensive hypothesis which basically assumes that, during PN, the epilepsy is still active subcortically, perhaps with spread of discharge along unusual pathways. This activity is supposed to provide energy and, possibly, some of the symptoms included in the psychotic syndrome. A critical clinical condition results, usually with a dysphoric symptomatology, where a development towards psychosis is impending but still depends on the presence or absence of a variety of risk factors. Along with neurophysiological factors such as powerful inhibition of the spread of epileptic discharge, these may also include biographic factors such as the repeated experience of ictal sudden, unexpected loss of consciousness. Because during PN there presumably is ongoing epileptic activity, the differences with respect to other psychotic conditions in epilepsy are probably subtle rather than fundamental. Thus, it could be that ictal psychosis is characterized by a direct expression of epileptic activity, whereas in postictal psychosis a momentum of exhaustion may be added; moreover, in PN the prevailing pathogenic factor could be an abnormally high level of balance between excitatory and inhibitory processes.
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PMID:Acute behavioral symptomatology at disappearance of epileptiform EEG abnormality. Paradoxical or "forced" normalization. 200 2

Recent research on the various biological indices of bipolar mood disorder reveals a complex framework for the understanding of this psychobiological disorder. Four major constructs emerge from the professional literature to form the basis of the current understanding of and approaches to bipolar disorder. The first construct is that of biological rhythms and mood disorders. From this perspective, time is considered as a biological dimension evidenced by biological rhythms. Disruption of certain internal circadian rhythms yields behavioral change and symptoms of psychobiological disequilibrium. Concepts inherent in this particular construct include sleep, effect of light on mood pattern, and possible biochemical indices of mood modulation such as melatonin or phenylethylamine. The second construct attempts to explore the linkage between biochemical brain function and aberrant mood behavior. This information bifurcates into two major categories: (1) effects of psychopharmacological substances on neurotransmitter synthesis and release; and (2) implications of dietary influences on neurotransmitter activity and the psychobiological ramifications of such activity on the clinical understanding of the behavioral disorder. An eclectic set of concepts form the third construct in the framework presented here. These concepts address other possible etiological or mitigating biological influences on bipolar mood states. Such influences include, but are not limited to, limbic seizure activity, neuroendocrine dysfunction, and organic substrates of bipolar states such as various malignancies. The final construct explores the role of genetics in either the predisposition to or the emergence of bipolar mood disordered states. This report will focus on a review of the aforementioned constructs, pointing to significant research and narrative professional publications. In addition, the presentation will address the application of the nursing process to psychobiological aspects of bipolar mood disorder, specifically circadian rhythmicity disturbance and dietary influences on neurotransmission.
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PMID:Psychobiological indices of bipolar mood disorder: future trends in nursing care. 231 96

During the past century, infrequent, anecdotal reports of sleep-related violence with forensic science implications have appeared. Recent rapid developments in the field of sleep-disorders medicine have resulted in greater understanding of a variety of sleep-related behaviors, and formal sleep-behavior monitoring techniques have permitted their documentation and classification. Sleep-related violence can be associated with a number of diagnosable and treatable sleep disorders, including (1) night terrors/sleepwalking, (2) nocturnal seizures, (3) rapid eye movement (REM) sleep-behavior disorder, (4) sleep drunkenness, and (5) psychogenic dissociative states occurring during the sleep period. Potentially violent automatized behavior, without consciousness, can and does occur during sleep. The violence resulting from these disorders may be misinterpreted as purposeful suicide, assault, or even homicide. Sleep-related violence must be added to the list of automatisms. A classification system of both waking and sleep-related automatic behavior is proposed, with recommendations for assessment of such behavior.
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PMID:Sleep violence--forensic science implications: polygraphic and video documentation. 232 33

Two young males in their thirties are reported with a clinical history and examination indistinguishable from typical females with the Rett syndrome. Both had normal early development. The first patient had a regression by the end of the second year. He was late in walking, had prominent hand-wringing from the age of 4 years, and non-progressive dystonia from the age of 14 years. He is still ambulatory. Seizures which started at the age of 18 months have been easily controlled. The second patient has had a severe seizure disorder since the age of 7 months. In his early teens, he lost ambulation and his height and weight fell below the 2nd percentile. He has severe foot dystonia without spasticity. Both patients have a normal head size and no evidence of atrophy on a CT scan of the brain. Both had kyphoscoliosis in their teens. It is difficult to evaluate the incidence of such cases. Little attention being paid to the normal early development, they hide behind vague diagnoses such as cerebral palsy, static encephalopathy, and behavior disorder. Dystonia is often confused with spasticity, the lack of paralysis is not appreciated, apraxia and hand wringing are assumed to be self-stimulatory behaviors.
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PMID:The Rett syndrome in males. 234 22

One of the most frustrating problems for veterinarians is the animal with a recurring behavioral disorder that is apparently a seizure disorder. Similar human disorders have been shown to be caused, in most cases, by organic disease in the cerebrum. There are reports in the veterinary literature that appear to support the same theory; however, there is no well-designed study with adequate animal numbers that proves the syndromes to be the same as in human medicine. It is clear that much research needs to be done. Diagnostic work up should be done meticulously, with emphasis on looking for intracranial disease. Treatment with phenobarbital is recommended to control the seizures, although the results will be variable.
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PMID:Complex partial seizures. Behavioral epilepsy. 252 Jan 38

In conclusion, it should be repeated that behavioral and cognitive functions in children with epilepsy, as in adults, represent the outcome of multifactorial processes. However, interest has been growing in the role of anticonvulsant drugs as an important variable. Studies in adults have clearly shown the impact of these drugs on both cognitive function and behavior, and the beneficial effects of achieving monotherapy, especially with carbamazepine, have been noted. Extrapolation of these results to children would seem reasonable, and there is some evidence in the literature to support this conclusion. Data in children, however, are complicated by several confounding factors. These include the status of the child under investigation; for example, children with a pre-existing behavior disorder appear to be more susceptible to developing grossly disturbed behavior with medications such as phenobarbital, as opposed to those who at pretreatment assessment do not display abnormalities. Mentally retarded children may be another group specifically susceptible to developing problems with medications. The effect of the anticonvulsant drug on seizure frequency is a complicating variable in interpretation of many investigations: in some patients improvement of seizures leads to improved behavior, while in others the opposite occurs. In some children, behavior exacerbations appear to be provoked by the sudden cessation of seizures, which may occur, for example, in forced normalization associated with barbiturates or benzodiazepines. Serum level monitoring is often not possible in childhood studies because of ethical considerations, and interpreting pharmacokinetic interactions from mere knowledge of orally prescribed agents is hazardous.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Antiepileptic drugs, cognitive function, and behavior in children. 265 89

Nocturnal head banging or body rocking often occurs in childhood in relation to sleep, and is generally considered a developmental or behavioral disorder. A few cases of jactatio nocturna have been considered manifestations of sleep disorder, and an analogy to somnambulism and pavor nocturnus has been suggested. We observed episodes of jactatio nocturna in a patient with global encephalopathy and frontal lobe dysfunction after closed head injury, and successfully treated these with imipramine. Sleep disorders are increasingly recognized after head injury; jactatio nocturna must be differentiated from post-traumatic seizures, and may represent partial or defective arousal during light non-REM sleep, analogous to the parasomnias of deeper sleep and possibly representing dysfunction of frontal arousal mechanisms.
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PMID:Jactatio nocturna after head injury. 370 99


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