Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A supernumerary small bisatellited chromosome was found in a girl with stunted growth and psychomotor retardation. The extra chromosome was identified as a deleted 15, del(15)(q21), with C-band positive heterochromatin and satellite-like appendages to the distal end of the long arm. This chromosome was the product of a translocation between a chromosome 15 and some other acrocentric chromosome, as shown by G-, C- and Q-banding and silver staining of the nucleolus organizer regions. The proposita had no gross phenotypic malformations. She had a small head, a high forehead, oblique palpebral fissures, bilateral enophthalmus, clinodactyly and simple dermatoglyphic patterns. She was autistic and suffered from epileptic seizures and expressive aphasia. The waking electroencephalogram revealed diffuse abnormalities; sleep recording showed focal spikes and sharp waves anteriorly on the left side. The pneumo-encephalogram showed microventriculy, an enlarged left temporal horn and some enlarged sulci in the right frontotemporal cortex. The prenatal influence of the chromosome anomaly is interpreted as being the primary cause of these disorders, neonatal asphyxia being a secondary contributing factor.
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PMID:Partial trisomy 15 and temporal lobe syndrome in a retarded girl without gross malformations. 69 62

31-P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) allows noninvasive measurements of cerebral phosphorus compounds: ATP, phosphocreatine (PCr), inorganic phosphate (Pi), phosphomonoesters (PME) and phosphodiesters (PDE). In this paper we reported our MRS data from the brains of infants with intrauterine growth retardation, respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal seizures or neonatal asphyxia, and discussed the possibilities to prevent brain damage due to these perinatal troubles.
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PMID:[Metabolic kinetics in the brains in infants with IUGR, respiratory distress syndrome, seizures and asphyxia]. 156 50

Birth asphyxia is frequent and often severe, occurring in about 10% and 1% respectively of all births; in a third it is unexpected. Delivery rooms must be organised and equipped and trained staff readily available so as to provide appropriate and timely resuscitation of the newborn. Simple procedures designed to prevent hypothermia, maintain a patent airway, improve oxygenation and ventilation are sufficient for the majority of babies. Circulatory support and biochemical resuscitation will be needed in a few. In the absence of other abnormalities, the long term prognosis for newborns who respond promptly to resuscitation is good. Every baby, no matter how severely asphyxiated must therefore be promptly and vigorously resuscitated. Only those with a Apgar score of less than 4 at 10 minutes, prolonged hypotonia or seizures have a poor prognosis. With the needs in cardio-pulmonary resuscitation understood and met, research is now being directed at neuroresuscitation.
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PMID:Resuscitation at birth. 237 83

Intra-amniotic infection has been reported to be associated with intrapartum asphyxia; however, the criteria used to define asphyxia have been imprecise. In the present study of 123 women with intra-amniotic infection and 6769 women without infection, the mean umbilical artery pH was 7.28 in both groups. The frequency of acidemia (umbilical artery pH less than 7.20) was not significantly different between the infection group and controls (15 versus 10%; P = .12). Likewise, there was no significant difference between the groups when a lower umbilical artery pH value (less than 7.15) was used to define acidemia. None of the infants from infected mothers had metabolic acidemia with a pH of less than 7.15 and none had a pH of less than 7.00. Significantly more (P less than .05) infants in the infected group did have low 1-minute (20 versus 5%) and 5-minute (3 versus 1%) Apgar scores of 6 or less, criteria often used to define asphyxia. However, none of the newborns from the infected group had recently proposed criteria for the diagnosis of birth asphyxia (ie, leading to neurologic impairment) such as metabolic acidemia, seizures in the immediate newborn period, and low Apgar scores (3 or less). Birth asphyxia is rarely associated with intra-amniotic infection, and in the absence of other signs of fetal jeopardy such as an ominous fetal heart rate pattern, an immediate cesarean to prevent asphyxia does not appear justified once the diagnosis of chorioamnionitis is made.
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PMID:Intrapartum asphyxia in pregnancies complicated by intra-amniotic infection. 238 12

Electrographic seizures (EGS) were detected in 13 of 16 asphyxiated neonates who were undergoing continuous electroencephalographic monitoring for detection of evidence of central nervous system injury. Five of the 13 neonates with EGS also had periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLEDs). The electrographic characteristics of PLEDs in these infants were similar to those reported in neonatal herpes simplex encephalitis and in older children and adults. Of the 5 neonates with PLEDs, 2 died, 2 are developmentally delayed and only 1 is normal at 12 months. This is in contrast to the normal outcome for 8 of the 11 infants who did not have PLEDs. One other was neurologically normal but died of pulmonary disease at 3 months and the other two were developmentally delayed. PLEDs in neonates, as in other age groups, lack diagnostic specificity, but when associated with neonatal asphyxia, may indicate a poor prognosis. Continuous EEG monitoring is helpful in identifying PLEDs in these cases.
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PMID:Periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges in asphyxiated neonates. 241 98

The clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) features were evaluated in a consecutive series of 50 infants with complex partial seizures. The age of onset of seizures showed a peak at age of 2 months. Significant development delay was seen in 60% of the infants. In 92% an underlying aetiological factor could be identified. Birth asphyxia was the commonest aetiological factor (30%). The seizure patterns were most frequently described as behavioural arrest, upward deviation of eyes, tonic posturing of the limbs, apnoea and cyanosis. Interictal EEG showed bilateral temporal lobe foci in 22%, unilateral foci in 78% and multiple foci in 46% of the cases. The response of the seizures to anticonvulsant drugs is discussed.
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PMID:Clinical and electroencephalographic features of complex partial seizures in infants. 249 76

The CT findings in 120 cerebral palsied children are analysed. The 72.5% positive findings are correlated with the clinical types, as well as the aetiological basis for the cerebral palsy. The spastic type, 83.3% of the total number of children, had the highest positive findings. The yield was increased in children with seizures (91.3%) and those in the postnatal group (90%), as well as those with birth trauma and neonatal asphyxia (94%). The findings were those of atrophy in 30.8%, hydrocephalus, in 10%, infarct in 11.6%, porencephaly in 8.3% and others. The atropic changes and their patterns are explained. Treatable lesions, such as tumour, hydrocephalus, subdural haematoma, porencephaly and hygroma were identified in 22.5% of cases. It is concluded that CT scan is definitely efficacious in the management of cerebral palsied children.
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PMID:Computed tomographic (CT) scans in cerebral palsy (CP). 260 10

Imprecise diagnosis of birth asphyxia coupled with uncertainties about causal factors for neurologic abnormalities in the newborn have greatly fueled the current litigation crisis in obstetrics. Our goal was to more precisely define birth asphyxia based on fetal condition as measured by umbilical artery blood pH, Apgar scores, and neurologic condition of newborns. We selected for study 2738 patients with singleton pregnancies with cephalic presentations who were delivered of infants at term to avoid complications such as prematurity, which may affect infant outcome independent of birth condition. The basis for study of these particular patients were defined criteria for high risk and an indicated arterial cord pH value. A total of five infants demonstrated cerebral dysfunction as evidenced by seizures during the neonatal period. Infection was linked to seizures in three of these infants; one infant had neonatal asphyxia and only one infant's clinical course could be attributed solely to birth events (uterine rupture). Stratification of umbilical artery blood pH values, Apgar scores, and combinations of these dependent variables in relation to newborn clinical outcomes revealed that infants must be severely depressed at delivery before birth asphyxia can be reliably diagnosed. Such depression includes Apgar scores less than or equal to 3 at 1 and 5 minutes plus umbilical artery pH values less than 7.00.
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PMID:Diagnosis of birth asphyxia on the basis of fetal pH, Apgar score, and newborn cerebral dysfunction. 278 67

The role of spinal cord injury in the pathogenesis of abnormal motor signs (depressed tone and reflexes) following severe perinatal hypoxia-ischemia was prospectively evaluated by clinical, electrophysiological, and neuropathological examinations in 18 asphyxiated neonates. All infants had an abnormal mental status (lethargy or coma), and seizures were present in 12. Neuromuscular examinations revealed hypotonia or flaccidity and hyporeflexia or areflexia in all infants. Neuropathological examinations of the cerebrum and spinal cord were conducted in the 12 neonates who expired. Cerebral pathological findings included cortical neuronal necrosis in 10 of 12 and subcortical white matter injury in 5 of 12. All infants with coma or seizures displayed diffuse cortical injury, but no injury conformed to a parasagittal "watershed" distribution. Spinal cord gray matter displayed prominent ischemic necrosis in 5 patients who were typically flaccid and areflexic. Electromyographic examinations of all 6 survivors were abnormal, consistent with recent injury to the lower motor neuron above the level of the dorsal root ganglion. We conclude that ischemic injury to anterior horn cells within spinal cord gray matter is relatively common among hypotonic-hyporeflexic neonates following severe perinatal hypoxia-ischemia. Although the acute neurological syndrome of neonatal asphyxia is often overshadowed by prominent cerebral signs such as coma and seizures, the motor abnormalities may be partially attributed to concurrent spinal cord injury.
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PMID:Hypoxic-ischemic spinal cord injury following perinatal asphyxia. 291 67

High-dose thiopental was administered in 8 children with uncontrollable seizures or hypoxic encephalopathy (group A) and 7 full-term neonates with neonatal asphyxia (group B). All of them were submitted to artificial hyperventilation to maintain pCO2 near 3.5 kPa. Rectal temperature was kept at about 35 degrees C. Thiopental was infused with a rate of 2-4 mg X h-1 X kg-1, with treatment lasting 32-192 h for group A (mean 103 h), and 36-48 h for group B (mean 38.5 h). Plasma concentration-time data were analysed pharmacokinetically. Thiopental elimination half-life was 14.5 h (group A) and 20.9 h (group B). The clearance of thiopental was 0.27 liters X h-1 X kg-1 (group A) and 0.32 liters X h-1 X kg-1 (group B). The volume of distribution at steady-state was 5.41 liters X kg-1 (group A) and 8.26 liters X kg-1 (group B). These results show that high-dose thiopental pharmacokinetics is not very different for full-term newborns, children and adults. Elimination half-life and volume of distribution are changed when compared to single-dose studies, while clearance is only slightly modified. The time for disappearance of thiopental from blood is also very long (2 to 5 days). These pharmacokinetic characteristics would be worthy of consideration in cases where there may be prolonged use of thiopental, considering the risk of accumulation and toxicity.
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PMID:High-dose thiopental pharmacokinetics in brain-injured children and neonates. 360 52


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