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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Temporary periods of amnesia are encountered in acute encephalitides. We investigated the association between transient encephalitic amnesia (TENA) and outcome in 60 patients. Twenty-six patients had TENA lasting < or = 1 day (short TENA), 17 had TENA lasting 2-7 days, and 17 had TENA for > 7 days (long TENA). The long TENA group had more neuropsychological impairment, larger brain lesions, and more difficulty in daily activities than the short TENA group. The findings were not explained by the number of epileptic seizures, delay of acyclovir medication, or the aetiology of encephalitis. TENA is a useful new clinical tool in predicting the outcome of acute encephalitis and selecting patients who are in need of detailed neuropsychological evaluation.
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PMID:Duration of transient amnesia correlates with cognitive outcome in acute encephalitis. 929 7

The intracarotid amobarbital procedure (IAP) involves the temporary inactivation of one cerebral hemisphere by the injection of sodium amobarbital, which allows independent testing of the contralateral hemisphere. Initially used for lateralization of language, IAP later found a role in the evaluation of memory function in patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy being considered for resective surgery. IAP technique varies widely across centers, but, in general, memory is assessed by presenting the patient with a number of items during the period of hemispheric inactivation and testing recall or recognition of these items after the effect of the drug has worn off. Because the medial temporal lobe is not directly perfused by the internal carotid artery, concerns have been raised about the ability of the IAP to test hippocampal memory function. Consequently, a variety of selective procedures have been devised. Findings on both intracranial EEG recordings and pathologic and neuroimaging studies support the association of IAP memory results with hippocampal function. The IAP memory test was originally designed to predict the risk for development of global amnesia following unilateral temporal lobectomy. More recently, it also has been used as an adjunct in lateralizing the seizure focus and for predicting postoperative selective memory deficits and seizure outcome.
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PMID:Use of the intracarotid amobarbital procedure in the evaluation of memory. 933 41

The association between epilepsy and amnesia is studied in patient J.T. who presented with a very unusual pattern of memory loss with retention of information for hours to days but rapid forgetting of information that exceeded this time frame. J.T.'s unusual memory profile was studied with several tests administered over week-long intervals of time. There was evidence that his retention decreased in conjunction with increased seizures. During a trial of paraldehyde, a decrease in seizure frequency was associated with enhanced memory. J.T.'s memory problem was unlike that described in prototypical cases of amnesia. His day-long retention of new information alongside his absolute loss of that information days later is consistent with the idea that consolidation is a process that occurs over lengthy periods of time.
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PMID:Accelerated forgetting in association with temporal lobe epilepsy and paraneoplastic encephalitis. 933 3

The clinical course of patients admitted following minor head injuries (Glasgow Coma Score [GCS] 13-15) has been studied less extensively than in severely head injured patients. Admission criteria, methods and indications for radiological evaluation are controversial. To study this further, a retrospective review of 633 patients admitted following such injuries to King Khalid University Hospital between 1986 and 1993 was undertaken. Their ages ranged from one month to 80 years (average 17 years). The mechanisms of injury were mainly falls in 339 (53.5%) cases and road traffic accidents in 234 (37%). None of the cases resulted from a non-accidental injury. Radiological evaluation was by skull radiography in 616 (97.3%) cases followed by CT scan in 131 (20.7%). These studies revealed a skull fracture in 78 (12.7%) cases. Six of these 78 patients with skull fracture required a neurosurgical procedure during the first week post injury. These represented 0.97% of the cases who had skull radiographs. A base of skull fracture was an ominous sign, since 3 of the 5 cases with such fractures required ventilation of which one resulted in the only mortality of this series, the fourth developed meningitis. Of the cases studied, 3 (0.5%) developed growing skull fractures all had the initial injury during their first year of life. Other complications were as follows: 25 (3.9%) early post-traumatic seizures, 10 (1.6%) chronic subdural haematomas, 9 (1.4%) extradural haematomas, 2 (0.3%) post-traumatic hydrocephalus and one (0.2%) cerebral abscess. We conclude that patients who have an abnormal GCS, a neurological deficit, post-traumatic seizure, signs or suspicion of basal or depressed skull fracture should be admitted for observation because of the risk of deterioration. Patients with a history of loss of consciousness or amnesia without any of the previous may be discharged to be observed at home by a competent observer, otherwise, will need admission for observation. Radiological evaluation once indicated must be by CT scan. There is no benefit from immediate skull radiography in the initial evaluation of minor head injuries. The indications for CT are an abnormal GCS, presence of neurological deficit, signs of basilar or depressed fracture and persistent or progressive headache or vomiting. Infants with minor injuries should be followed up at least once after two to three months for possible growing fractures.
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PMID:Management of minor head injuries: admission criteria, radiological evaluation and treatment of complications. 952 9

Earlier research indicated the efficacy of a complex herbal formulation in the attenuation of electroconvulsive shock (ECS)-induced amnestic deficits in rats; this study sought to ascertain whether a simplified herbal formulation (Memorin; Phyto-Pharma, India) also was effective. Rats pretreated for a fortnight with Memorin (200 mg/kg/day) or vehicle were exposed to a passive-avoidance learning paradigm in a shuttle box. The next day, the rats were administered two true or sham ECSs, 5 h apart; recall of the pre-ECS learning was reassessed on the following day. ECS was found to produce significant retrograde amnesia (p < 0.002). Memorin attenuated the ECS-induced amnesia (p = 0.00003) without influencing the ECS seizure duration. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
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PMID:Attenuation of ECS-induced retrograde amnesia by using an herbal formulation. 964 3

Epileptic seizures and pseudoseizures in temporal lobe epilepsies were studied from the viewpoint of the hierarchy of consciousness. Twenty-two patients with temporal lobe epilepsies (TLE) who showed true amnesia or impairment of consciousness developing from the dreamy state, even though their actions and movement continued, were selected among 160 patients with TLE, nine patients with manifested pseudoseizures, pseudoseizure status, and complex partial seizure status (CPSE) were investigated. Twelve patients in whom impairment of consciousness followed the dreamy state recognized their own existence and maintained some self-directed consciousness. The other 10 patients with amnesia were aware of their goals. Furthermore, pseudostatus ranged from epileptic seizures during pseudoseizure status to pseudoseizures during status epilepticus (SE). In some cases of CPS, awareness and self-directed consciousness were only partially pseudoseizures, disorders of self-directed consciousness are assumed to influence awareness and arousal.
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PMID:Epileptic seizures and pseudoseizures from the viewpoint of the hierarchy of consciousness. 973 40

The role of stress, arousal, emotional trauma, and corticosteroid and enkephalin secretion on memory and the hippocampus, and the development of traumatic amnesia and repressed memory syndrome are detailed. Animal and human studies are reviewed. Trauma-induced memory deficits appear to be secondary to abnormal neocortical and hippocampal arousal, and corticosteroid and enkephalin secretion which can induce atrophy or seizures within the hippocampus, suppress hippocampal theta activity and long term potentiation, as well as injure hippocampal pyramidal cells. Predisposing factors include individual, age, and sex differences in arousal, and previous emotional trauma or temporal lobe or hippocampal injury. However, as the amygdala processes and stores emotional experiences in memory, patients may also demonstrate trauma related symptoms, including flashbacks as well as shrinking retrograde amnesia.
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PMID:Traumatic amnesia, repression, and hippocampus injury due to emotional stress, corticosteroids and enkephalins. 981 35

Unprecedented developments in cannabinoid research within the past decade include discovery of a brain (CB1) and peripheral (CB2) receptor; endogenous ligands, anandamide, and 2-arachidonylglycerol; cannabinoid drug-induced partial and inverse agonism at CB1 receptors, antagonism of NMDA receptors and glutamate, and antioxidant activity; and preferential CB1 receptor localization in areas subserving spasticity, pain, abnormal involuntary movements, seizures, and amnesia. These endogenous structures and chemicals and mechanisms are potentially new pathophysiologic substrates, and targets for novel cannabinoid treatments, of several neurological disorders.
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PMID:Brain cannabinoid systems as targets for the therapy of neurological disorders. 997 82

The age-related increase in the incidence of seizures in older persons is directly related to the increase in prevalence of causative factors such as cardiovascular disease and stroke, primary and metastatic brain tumors, toxic-metabolic disturbances, and medications. Because the treatment plan depends on seizure etiology, comprehensive evaluation of each of these causes is imperative. Reliable history and thorough physical examination remain the most important steps for diagnosis and effective treatment. Nevertheless, assessment and treatment of new-onset paroxysmal events can be problematic, because numerous morbidities and syndromes--including transient ischemic attack, syncope, drug intoxication, amnesia, movement disorders, and psychiatric disorders--can present with similar symptomology.
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PMID:Adult-onset seizures: clinical solutions to a challenging patient work-up. 1057 Jun 54

The electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), which provokes a generalized epileptic seizure by an electrical stimulus, was first administered in 1938 and performed without anesthesia during thirty years. Nowadays, ECT is carried out using brief anesthesia (preferably methohexital) and skeletal muscle relaxation (succinylcholine) to avoid fearful complications like bone and muscle fractures. ECT is a safe treatment without absolute contraindications; the treatment risk corresponds to the risk of general anesthesia. ECT is indicated in depression, mania and schizophrenia. It plays an important role in the treatment of therapy resistant, severely ill patients with affective disorders, suicidal drive, delusional symptoms, vegetative dysregulation, inanition and catatonic symptoms. The response rate (remission or marked improvement) is about 70%. Usually ECT is performed 3 times per week, resulting in an ECT course with a total number of 6 to 12 single treatments. Within 2 or 3 weeks a substantial improvement can be expected. Further controlled studies are required with regard to antidepressive and/or antipsychotic continuation therapy after successful ECT course. Brief pulse stimulation, unilateral nondominant electrode placement and individual stimulus titration with respect to seizure threshold (EEG monitoring is required!) can minimize cognitive side effects. The apprehension that ECT could cause prolonged amnesia and structural brain damage has not been confirmed by the available scientific data. Modern brain imaging methods could elicit the until now unknown mode of action of ECT.
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PMID:[Clinical value of electroconvulsive therapy in treatment of depression]. 1063 58


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