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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Seizures induced by methohexitone have been reported in epileptic patients. An alcoholic patient without any previous history of epilepsy had grand mal-like seizures after being given an intravenous injection of 4 mg X kg-1 methohexitone. The respective parts played by high doses of methohexitone and chronic alcoholism in the induction of seizures are discussed.
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PMID:[Generalized seizure induced by methohexital]. 310 83

Out of 247 patients coming to an outpatient clinic (OPC) for patients with epilepsy during a time span of 18 months, 214 could be definitely rated with respect to continuation or discontinuation of treatment. 96 discontinued treatment, i.e., they did not keep their last appointment and also did not come to the OPC during the following 6 months or longer. The rate of discontinuation was especially high for patients who had had only one seizure, for patients with chronic alcoholism or alcoholic withdrawal seizures and for patients who had already had several seizures but objected to pharmacological treatment. One hundred and forty-nine patients had had at least 2 seizures and were on medication. In this group we looked for variables discriminating between continuation and discontinuation. Medical data were taken from the records and all patients received a questionnaire with 36 items. Medical variables such as type and duration of epilepsy had no influence on keeping appointments. There were, however, significant relations between continuation or discontinuation and perceived quality of care in the OPC, obligation of the patient to look after children, perceived discrimination of persons with epilepsy at the work place and the patient's feeling of being treated like a little child when the doctor utters his suspicions about non-compliance.
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PMID:Patients with epilepsy who discontinue treatment. 324 62

Magnesium is an important element for health and disease. Magnesium, the second most abundant intracellular cation, has been identified as a cofactor in over 300 enzymatic reactions involving energy metabolism and protein and nucleic acid synthesis. Approximately half of the total magnesium in the body is present in soft tissue, and the other half in bone. Less than 1% of the total body magnesium is present in blood. Nonetheless, the majority of our experimental information comes from determination of magnesium in serum and red blood cells. At present, we have little information about equilibrium among and state of magnesium within body pools. Magnesium is absorbed uniformly from the small intestine and the serum concentration controlled by excretion from the kidney. The clinical laboratory evaluation of magnesium status is primarily limited to the serum magnesium concentration, 24-hour urinary excretion, and percent retention following parenteral magnesium. However, results for these tests do not necessarily correlate with intracellular magnesium. Thus, there is no readily available test to determine intracellular/total body magnesium status. Magnesium deficiency may cause weakness, tremors, seizures, cardiac arrhythmias, hypokalemia, and hypocalcemia. The causes of hypomagnesemia are reduced intake (poor nutrition or IV fluids without magnesium), reduced absorption (chronic diarrhea, malabsorption, or bypass/resection of bowel), redistribution (exchange transfusion or acute pancreatitis), and increased excretion (medication, alcoholism, diabetes mellitus, renal tubular disorders, hypercalcemia, hyperthyroidism, aldosteronism, stress, or excessive lactation). A large segment of the U.S. population may have an inadequate intake of magnesium and may have a chronic latent magnesium deficiency that has been linked to atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, hypertension, cancer, kidney stones, premenstrual syndrome, and psychiatric disorders. Hypermagnesemia is primarily seen in acute and chronic renal failure, and is treated effectively by dialysis.
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PMID:Magnesium metabolism in health and disease. 328 51

A substantial proportion of patients with epilepsy seen in a large medical center were found to be incorrectly classified as possible substance abusers by the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale (MAC) of the MMPI. Demographic variables, IQs, and MAC scale raw scores were compiled for a sample of 29 male and 33 female seizure patients. No significant or meaningful differences were found between the sexes; therefore, the sample was treated as a single group. False positive error rates on the MAC scale were 48.39% when MacAndrew's originally proposed raw score cut-off of 24 was used; 30.65% with a cut-off of 26; 20.97% with a cut-off of 28; and 9.68% with a cut-off of 30. A similarity of experiential and behavioral characteristics between seizure patients and substance abusers is suggested as a possible reason for the findings. A greater awareness of this high false positive rate for epilepsy patients is needed to differentiate drug-/alcohol-induced from non-induced seizures and to prevent inappropriate labeling of seizure patients by the various professional groups who utilize the MMPI. Suggestions are made for future research.
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PMID:The MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale in epilepsy: a high false positive error rate. 338 77

Numerous problems have been associated with previous attempts to develop a suitable method for the induction and assessment of alcohol dependence and withdrawal syndrome in the rat. Using our modification of a common inhalation method for the long-term administration of ethanol, these problems can be eliminated. Adult male rats (Long Evans and Brattleboro) were exposed to ethanol vapor concentrations of 7 to 35 mg/liter of air, which cause rapid development of tolerance and physical dependence. With this inhalation method, it is possible to obtain and easily maintain high levels of ethanol in the blood (150 to 400 mg/dl). When exposure to ethanol is terminated, ethanol is eliminated from the system within 1 to 6 hr. This rapid elimination of ethanol is accompanied by a high susceptibility to withdrawal reactions. The severity of the withdrawal syndrome was assessed within 6 to 24 hr after cessation of the ethanol administration by exposing each rat individually to a 60 to 120-sec period of bell ringing. Convulsive seizures were observed in nearly 90% of the animals tested, with a mortality rate of less than 20%.
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PMID:Alcohol dependence and withdrawal in the rat. An effective means of induction and assessment. 371 3

The subjects were 42 alcoholic patients (33 males and 9 females) who were treated with lithium orotate during an alcohol rehabilitation program in a private clinical setting for at least six months. They derive from a total number of 105 patients who received this treatment initially, while the remainder discontinued the treatment within six months. The data were collected from a private practice record and the follow-up varied between six months and 10 years. The 42 patients studied displayed a multitude of complaints in addition to chronic alcoholism. These included liver dysfunction, seizure disorders, headaches, hyperthyroidism, affective disorders. Meniere's syndrome, liver and lung cancers. Thirty-six of the 42 patients studied had been hospitalized at least once for the management of their alcoholism. Lithium orotate was given, 150 mg daily, with a diet low in simple carbohydrates and containing moderate amounts of protein and fat. In addition, calcium orotate (for hepatic involvement), magnesium orotate, bromelaine, and essential phospholipids (for cardiac problems), and supportive measures were instituted, if required. Lithium orotate proved useful as the main pharmacologic agent for the treatment of alcoholism. Ten of the patients had no relapse for over three and up to 10 years, 13 patients remained without relapse for 1 to 3 years, and the remaining 12 had relapses between 6 to 12 months. Lithium orotate therapy was safe and the adverse side effects noted were minor, i.e., eight patients developed muscle weakness, loss of appetite or mild apathy. For these patients, the symptoms subsided when the daily dose was given 4 to 5 times weekly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Lithium orotate in the treatment of alcoholism and related conditions. 371 72

To identify risk factors for developing pneumococcal infections, we carried out a case-controlled study on a retrospectively constituted cohort of 3074 clinic patients in a presumed high-risk population. Culture-proved pneumococcal infections were identified in 63 men over a period of 5.5 years, yielding an estimated incidence of 6.3 cases per 1000 person-years. By comparing these patients with 130 uninfected control patients, the relative risk of pneumococcal infections related to various exposures was calculated by logistic regression analysis. Statistically significant independent risk factors (and their relative risks) were as follows: dementia (5.82), seizure disorders (4.38), current cigarette smoking (4.00), congestive heart failure (3.83), cerebrovascular disease (3.82), institutionalization (3.13), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2.38). Risk was increased with age and previous hospitalizations, and, to a nonsignificant degree, by hotel residence (3.93), lung cancer (2.24), previous smoking (2.14), corticosteroid use (1.81), and alcoholism (1.35); but not by diabetes mellitus (0.99), nonlung malignancies (0.93), nonwhite race (0.89), or ischemic heart disease (0.58).
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PMID:Risk factors for acquiring pneumococcal infections. 377 47

The consequences of alcoholism on the peripheral and central nervous system are discussed. Polyneuropathy is present in 30% of the alcoholics, whilst cranial nerve involvement is found in 5-25%. Alcoholic myopathy is only very rarely seen. Wernicke's encephalopathy is found at post mortem investigation in 1.8% of alcoholics, but is rarely clinically diagnosed. The Marchiafava-Bignamy syndrome and central pontine myelinolysis are rarely seen; alcoholic amblyopia which is seen in 0.5% of the hospitalised alcoholics is more frequent, but still a rare finding. Cerebral seizures are common in chronic alcoholics with an incidence varying from 5 to 37% according to the type of drinking habit and have, thus, to be categorised. Brain atrophy is a common finding and correlates with the duration and extent of the alcoholism.
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PMID:[Neurologic sequelae of alcohol]. 378 82

Records of the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner of the State of Maryland were reviewed for all cases of natural deaths due to epilepsy occurring in 1981 and 1982. Cases involving unclear seizure history, alcoholism, or other superimposed disorders were excluded. Twenty-nine cases were accepted and analyzed with respect to age, race, sex, circumstances of death, neuropathology, and anticonvulsant therapy. Most cases involved black males, the median age at death was 26 years, and the vast majority died in bed or in the bedroom. Less than half of these individuals had neuropathological lesions. Most had detectable levels of anticonvulsants in post-mortem blood; more than half the decedents with detectable levels of phenobarbital showed therapeutic levels of this drug.
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PMID:Evaluation of sudden death in epilepsy. 379 58

There is a scarcity of population-based epidemiological investigations concerning the prevalence of epilepsy among alcoholics, and of alcoholism among epileptic patients. Available data seem to suggest that the prevalence of epilepsy among alcoholics is at least triple that in the general population, and that alcoholism may be more prevalent among epileptic patients than in the general population. The term "alcoholic epilepsy" has been used with varying definitions in different investigations. It is suggested that a uniform definition be adopted so as to minimize confusion when comparing data from different laboratories. Although there is general agreement that excessive alcohol intake can increase the frequency of seizures in epileptic patients, limited available data suggest that light to moderate social alcohol drinking may not affect seizure frequency. However, epileptic patients should be warned about the possible adverse effects of alcohol, especially those who have refractory forms of epilepsy. Except for a few anomalous cases, evidence for the direct seizure-provoking effect of alcohol is not strong. This is because it is difficult to pinpoint alcohol as the only etiology; more likely, alcohol is only one factor among others (e.g., head trauma, cerebral infarct, alcohol withdrawal, and metabolic effects of alcohol) in provoking seizures. Because seizures are a symptom and not a disease, it is often difficult to distinguish epileptic seizures from alcohol-withdrawal seizures. Patients with only the latter kind of seizures should not need chronic antiepileptic medication.
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PMID:Alcoholism and epilepsy. 389 22


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