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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pupillary hippus was observed and recorded in a man of 44 years, who had epileptic seizures, chronic alcoholism with liver disease and Primidon intoxication, during a period of unconsciousness of 24 h. During this time the simultaneous records of the EEG and pupillogram over a long period of time revealed that the basic EEG rhythm and hippus had the same frequency. Both recordings were temporarily in phase, time-locked, and could be blocked by painful and acoustic stimuli. The etiology and interpretation of hippus are discussed.
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PMID:Simultaneous recording of pupillary hippus and EEG. Report of a case. 7 57

Programmed-feeding polydipsia results in a reliable model of chronic alcoholism in the rat. High oral ethanol comsumption and a predictable withdrawal reaction associated with audiogenic seizures are produced. The maintenance of high blood ethanol levels for three weeks in 18 male Charles River rats was associated with audiogenic seizures after 6 or 8 hours of withdrawal. These chronic alcoholic rats had enhanced blood clearance of ethanol. The cerebral cortical crude mitochondrial fraction showed a decrease in total and magnesium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity in alcoholic and control (water-fed) rats compared with normal rats.
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PMID:Programmed feeding as a model of chronic alcoholism in the rat. 15 1

Eighty-five patients were admitted to the hospital under the preliminary diagnosis of epileptic seizures. None of them had more than five seizures before admission. Sixty-five of these 85 patients had a neurological and electroencephalographic follow-up examination 5 to 7 years later. Another 8 had been readmitted before. From these 8 the diagnosis of cerebral tumor was made in 3 patients. In almost half of the remaining 70 cases the etiology of seizures remained uncertain. The leading known etiologic factors were chronic alcoholism, head injury and perinatal brain damage. Before admission seizures recurred once or twice a year in most patients. After discharge from the hospital 25 patients were without further seizures, 15 of the seizure-free group never received anti-epileptic treatment. The remaining 10 were without medication for a period of time before the follow-up. All seizure-free patients were given the diagnosis of very rare grand mal seizures or seizures of uncertain origin. Only two of the untreated group (total of 17) had seizures after discharge. These findings show that recurrence of seizures was predictable, when patients were discharged. Predictors of recurrance were "treatment" or "no treatment" given initially. Antiepileptic medication should be given in cases of one seizure or more a year, when epileptic origin is certain. Very rare seizures and seizures of uncertain origin may stay without antiepileptic treatment. Sporadic seizures are benign in most cases - comparable to seizures of late onset. Both groups overlap.
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PMID:[Prognosis and therapy of sporadic seizures (author's transl)]. 24 58

411 patients with epileptic seizures manifest only after the age of 25 were investigated as to aetiology, seizure type and frequency and age and sex distribution. Neurological, neuro-radiological and EEG findings are reported: There was a clear prevalence of male patients (67%). Manifestation occurred mainly between 30 and 40 years of age (65%). Most seizures were primarily of the generalized grand mal type (68%). Grand mal with focal onset occurred in 13%, partial seizures in 11%, complex partial seizures (psychomotor seizures) in 5%, the latter plus grand mal seizures in 2% and other types in 1% of the cases. Aetiological factors were: chronic alcoholism (31%), vascular diseases (17%), tumours (12%), traumatic brain lesions (8,5%), toxic metabolic lesions (6%) and other factors (6%). Idiopathic epilepsy of late onset was a rare cause (4%). The aetiology remained unknown in 15% of cases. We found that the differences in age distribution, seizure type and the EEG findings are significant factors in the differential diagnosis and we compared them with those found in similar investigations.
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PMID:[So-called late epilepsy (author's transl)]. 56 52

We determined zinc, copper, magnesium, and calcium concentrations by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in the plasma of 30 patients hospitalized for treatment of seizures during a period of alcohol withdrawal. Those patients who developed delirium tremens or a prolonged hallucinatory state had significantly higher plasma copper concentrations (P = 0.026), significantly lower zinc concentrations (P = 0.004), and significantly higher copper/zinc ratios (P = 0.001) than the patients who recovered uneventfully. Zinc deficiency may be one of the factors that contribute to the neurologic complications of alcoholism. A determination of the plasma copper/zinc ratio early in the course of alcohol withdrawal could be of value in indicating which patients have the most substantial underlying disease or metabolic imbalance and therefore may be at greatest risk of developing delirium tremens or prolonged hallucinosis.
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PMID:Plasma calcium, copper, magnesium, and zinc concentrations in patients with the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. 68 16

Fifty chronic alcoholics (37 men and 13 women, ages 26--55, mean age 39.9 years) with different clinical syndromes (alcoholic psychosis, alcoholic encephalopathies) were studied by computerized cranial tomography. Cerebral atrophy was detected in 96% of all cases. Combined cortical and subcortical signs were encountered in almost all cases. Cortical atrophy seemed to be detectable more easily by CT than by pneumencephalography. The computerized tomographic findings were studied in their relations to age, sex, duration of abuse, clinical syndromes, frequency of relapse (and seizures, too), etc. Cerebral atrophy was correlated primarily with the subjects' age and the duration, and less with the intensity of alcoholism. The most distinct changes were found in delirium syndromes and, in cases with relapse of psychosis, especially in combination with seizures. Wernicke-Korsakow encephalopathies showed the widest third ventricles when combined with repeated syndromes of withdrawal in their case histories. Computerized tomographic examinations of ten patients during acute psychosis as well as 4 weeks later showed identical findings; transitory changes, e.g., cerebral edema, were not detected. Computerized cranial tomography appears to be extremely useful to study the numerous open questions concerning the pathogenetic role of age, duration, and severity of abuse with cerebral atrophy.
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PMID:[Brain atrophy in chronic alcoholism. Clinical and computer tomographic study]. 73 66

Over a 6-month period 89 patients with epileptic seizures were systematically examined by EEGs and CT. Forty-two percent of all cases showed pathological findings in CT compared to 89% with abnormal EEGs. CT is very useful in identifying organic lesions in the epileptic patient. CT identified 11 cases of supratentorial tumour which were correctly localized by EEG. In patients with seizures after trauma or encephalitis the EEG abnormalities were more than could be detected by CT. The EEG and CT findings in cerebrovascular disorders, alcoholism and other diseases are discussed. A remarkable result is the relatively high percentage of hydrocephalus (23%) in the group of cryptogenic epilepsy. Positive EEG findings as to epilepsy could be seen in 62% of the cases.
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PMID:Electroencephalography and computerized transaxial tomography in epilepsy diagnosis. 73 51

The study of the action of tricyclic antidepressant on epilepsy and E.E.G. leads to a separation between two groups of patients treated with these drugs : 1. The epileptic patients with personnal or family history of epilepsy have a higher risk of epileptic seizures during these treatments. However, a certain number of them get better as far as seizures and personnality disturbances are concerned. On these patients E.E.G. appears an activation of the pattern. We must precise that, with a proper anti-epileptic treatement, there are only rare seizures and, in any case, epilepsy is not a contra-indication to antidepressant treatments. E.E.G. gets even better in a few cases. 2. In patients without history of epilepsy, seizures are rare. If they appear, one finds several predisposing factors, alcoholism being the most frequent. High dosages are not a constant factor. Previous E.C.T. could increase the risk of seizures. On these patients E.E.G., the action of tricyclic antidepressant is not constant : we found important changes as well as no changes at all. The changes would be an aggravation with an epileptic pattern or slow rythms, as well as the pattern getting better. There is no correlation between clinical manifestations and E.E.G. patterns.
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PMID:[Convulsive incidents and EEG changes during treatment with tricyclic antidepressive agents]. 77 92

A review of social aspects of epilepsy is given. Similar to the own experience the literature shows only little social prestige given to patients with epilepsy, an experience known from persons with psychiatric disorders. The prevalence rate for chronic epilepsy is 0.5%. So called genuine seizures decreased with diagnostic progress during the last years (about 50%). Lower social classes and negative social patterns are characteristic of employees with epileptic fits. Unemployed persons show normal social structure. A relation to social class and onset of epilepsy exists. Epileptics are socially immobile. Like other persons with chronic diseases epilepsy produces a special social attitude and often negative therapeutic motivation. In contrast to the literature non-hospitalized epileptics show normal intelligence. Neurotic symptoms are seen in many cases however (about 40%). Often social disturbances origin from broken home situations. There is no specific social and mental defect. According to the own experience social integration of epileptics depends upon the local economic structure. The common prejudice varies with the local area. Social drop-outs are not due to the seizures, but occur mainly in mentally retarded persons who are not able to follow therapeutic regimens. Delinquency is increased among the own patients (18%). The causes are psychoorganic syndromes, often in connection with negative therapeutic motivation and alcoholism. The tendency to specific crimes, known from the literature, could not be confirmed. Forensic problems in direct connection with epileptic fits are rare. Medical problems concerning ability to drive often occur. Many patients possess a driver licence (46.5%), gained after onset of epilepsy in 50%. But the accident rate is lower than in the general population. Special outpatient departments and therapeutic groups for epileptics--affiliated to neurological centers--can improve the exact diagnosis, therapeutic motivation and social integration.
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PMID:[Medical and social aspects of epilepsy (author's transl)]. 104 2

Although it has not yet been possible to construct a complete model of alcoholism in experimental animals; some aspects of the disease can now be studied with satisfactory laboratory systems. Production of physical dependence requires a period of continuous intoxication; brief intervals of sobriety allow the accrued dependence to disappear. Administration of ethanol by inhalation, with daily injections of pyrazole, allows maintenance of stable blood alcohol levels in mice. In this model, physical dependence arises to its maximum in a week or two and can decay in less than a day. Sedative drugs suppress the mouse withdrawal reactions but drugs that intefere with catecholamine or gamma-aminobutyric acid pathways facilitate withdrawal seizures. Susceptibility to withdrawal seizures is controlled in part by genetic factors.
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PMID:Physical dependence on alcohol in mice. 109 38


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