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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sodium valproate and clonazepam were given in combination to 17 refractory epileptic patients and their progress was reviewed clinically and by EEG's. Even though plasma concentrations of sodium valproate and conventional anticonvulsants were monitored and adjusted according to individual requirements, combination therapy consisting of valproate and clonazepam was ineffective in controlling seizures in the majority of patients. A further 40 patients receiving clonazepam were reviewed in relation to adverse reactions. 22 patients in this group suffered from undesirable effects attributable to clonazepam. These effects were managed by cessation of the drug or a reduction in the dose. The commonest side effects were drowsiness, loss of concentration, irritability and aggression.
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PMID:Some aspects of the clinical use of clonazepam in refractory epilepsy. 12 7

Epilepsy-like convulsive seizures have been induced by cholera toxin administration into the rat amygdaloid complex. Between the 8th and 48th hr after the administration, rhythmic spike discharges (1--3 spikes/sec) were electroencephalographically observed bilaterally in the amygdaloid complexes, and rats exhibited abnormal behaviors such as running, jumping, tail lifting, rearing, vocalization aggressive behavior, facial twitching and increased salivation. During these stages, high voltage spikes were intermittently observed with generalized convulsive seizures. Duration of the seizure was 1--2 min and the incidence was 0--6 times/hr. At 48 hrs after the administration or thereafter, convulsive seizures disappeared and electroencephalographic abnormalities were gradually normalized. Occasional rhythmic spike discharges, however, were observed more than 168 hrs after the administration. Since autoradiographic observations with 125I-labeled cholera toxin revealed that the injected toxin does not spread out at all from the injected site, the use of this toxin seems to be an ideal procedure to produce micro-epileptogenic foci. Cyclic AMP content as well as adenylate cyclase activity in the ipsilateral amygdaloid complex was significantly increased during preconvulsive and convulsive states. The administration of 5 x 10(-8) moles of dibutyryl cyclic AMP through the cannula implanted into the amygdaloid complex also induced behavioral and electroencephalographic abnormalities similar to those found in the cholera toxin-treated animals. These results suggest that cyclic AMP and/or cyclic AMP dependent neuronal mechanisms may play a significant role in the establishment of epileptogenic focus. Possible use of this animal model for the study of anti-epileptic drugs are also suggested.
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PMID:[Cholera toxin induced epileptogenic focus--special reference to cyclic AMP metabolism and epileptogenic focus (author's transl)]. 23 Aug 51

A treatment involving chronic implantation of a receiver that can be activated by an external power source to stimulate specific brain sites has been used in 11 patients with intractable psychiatric illness. All of the patients, a heterogeneous group, had failed to respond to all indicated treatments. Length of illness varied from 6 to 23 years without significant remission. Of the 11 patients, four had uncontrollable violence-aggression (two with no demonstrable organic brain disease and two with brain pathology), five were chronic schizophrenics, and two had lifelong patterns of severe neurosis in addition to the disabling disorder for which the procedure was performed. Three of the 11 patients had seizures in addition to behavioral pathology. Ten of the 11 patients are out of the hospital and functioning without medications or other treatment. Some are symptom-free and others have shown significant improvement. The one patient who failed to respond had an organic lesion over the cerebellar site that was to be stimulated. The rationale for the procedure was based on data gathered during earlier therapeutic studies in patients with depth electrodes and extensive anatomical and physiological experiments in animals. The transistorized stimulator used in treating these patients is similar to stimulators being used for treatment of epileptic and spastic patients.
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PMID:Modulation of emotion with a brain pacemamer. Treatment for intractable psychiatric illness. 30 80

Results of psychological testing in 46 epileptics with severe behaviour disturbances treated surgically, by the stereotaxic method (selective exclusion of the dorso medial parts of amygdalae) are reported. After the operation there was a significant improvement of behaviour and seizures of temporal-lobe type were no longer observed. Comparative tests demonstrated a significant reduction of emotional tension, development of ability to behaviour and emotional reactions control, reduction of emotional instability and motor hyperactivity. Aggressiveness in difficult or conflict situations was markedly diminished or eliminated.
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PMID:[Effect of amygdalotomy on behavior disorders in epileptics]. 35 79

Strychnine intoxication is manifested by agitation, muscle spasms, and convulsions. We report a case in which intractable convulsions led to severe lactic acidosis which secondarily resulted in visceral (lung, heart, kidney, liver, and brain) collapse and death. Aggressive therapy instituted in the emergency department and aimed at control of seizure activity and lactic acidosis may be lifesaving.
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PMID:Strychnine intoxication. 51 8

A neurophysiologic model for aggressive behavior in the cat is proposed. Stimulus-bound and seizure-bound aggression was evaluated in relation to limbic and basal ganglia induced seizures (after-discharges). Electrically induced limbic and basal ganglia after-discharges were used because they are known to implicate septohypothalamic sites from which aggression can be elicited by direct stimulation. The occurrence of behavioral aggression is correlated with the discharge characteristics of a single discharging system and with two interacting discharging systems. Aggression is composed of autonomic and somato-motor components which poses relatively low and high thresholds, respectively, for their activation. Aggression occurring during a combined septum and amygdala discharge was more intense and prolonged than with a septum discharge alone. Participation of a slow frequency discharging basal ganglia system activated seizure-bound aggression in an otherwise nonaggressive limbic seizure. The limbic and basal ganglia stimulations and after-discharges lowered the excitability threshold of the aggression system and made it more vulnerable to being activated by external stimuli, such as visual and auditory stimuli. These observations are reminiscent of patients with aggressive behavior associated with psychomotor seizures.
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PMID:A neurophysiologic model for aggressive behavior in the cat. 56 13

This study was done to further analyze the neural mechanisms underlying aggressive behavior associated with psychomotor or temporal lobe seizures. The studies revealed that superkindling the aggressive system by sequential stimulations at seizure-inducing thresholds, of two or more sites in the limbic, hypothalamic, and basal ganglia structures facilitated the production of aggressive seizures. Aggressive behavior in the freely moving cat was evaluated in relation to the occurrence of hissing and growling during stimulation, after-discharge and postictal period. The behavior was correlated with the frequency of the elicited seizures and the seizure durations. Aggression did develop as a component behavioral manifestation of the limbic (psychomotor) seizure. Development of aggressive seizures was facilitated by "priming" the aggressive system. Optimum levels of aggressive behavior occurred with seizures of medium duration. Catecholamine blockers tended to attentuate the occurrence of aggression, whereas the agonist tended to facilitate it. Once the aggressive system was rendered hyperexcitable, exteroceptive stimuli also evoked aggressive attack behavior. It was concluded that repeatedly recurring limbic system seizures through superkindling mechanisms can eventually render the limbic-basal ganglia-preoptico-hypothalamic aggressive system hyper-responsive to both recurring seizures and to exteroceptive stimuli with resulting aggressive behavior with or without an accompanying seizure.
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PMID:Limbic system seizures and aggressive behavior (superkindling effects). 57 Oct 80

Androsterone sulfate (5alpha-androstan-3alpha-ol-17-one, 3-sodium sulfate) administered to freely moving rats via cerebroventricular cannulae induced analgesia, wet-dog shakes, body jerks, rigidity, Straub tail, hypermotility, excessive grooming, hyperreactivity to stimuli, aggression, escape behavior, EEG spiking, and behavioral and EEG seizures. These responses resemble those produced by certain opiate drugs and by beta-endorphin, an endogenous peptide; they appear during the 5-min infusion period, persist in some cases for several hours, and are diminished by pretreatment with the narcotic antagonist naloxone. These findings indicate that steroid hormones can act upon at least some of the same central pathways influenced by recognized opiate compounds.
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PMID:Opiate-like naloxone-reversible effects of androsterone sulfate in rats. 74 33

References in this bibliography have been selected from the Subject-Strain Bibliography of Inbred Strains of Mice, maintained at The Jackson Laboratory, which attempts to include all published papers dealing with specific inbred strains of mice, named genes in mice, or named transplantable tumors. We have selected all references which appear to be of behavioral interest, including reports of the effects of neurological mutations, but have omitted genetic studies conducted with these mutants. Studies using "white", "Swiss", or undesignated mice are not included. This bibliography covers literature published from 1922 through late 1973. The authors would like to be informed of omissions, and to receive reprints of omitted papers. The bibliography is divided into three sections. The first section includes all references in which a behavioral measure appears to be the variable of primary interest. This section is divided into 16 behavioral categories: activity, aggression, audiogenic seizures, communication, emotionality, feeding, learning, maternal, memory, psychomotor, regulation, reproduction, biorhythms, sensation, social, and miscellaneous. References are assigned to a category on the basis of their apparent emphasis. The second section includes all references in which the effects of a treatment on behavior appear to be the variables of primary interest. This section is divided into nine treatment categories: age, alcohol, central nervous system, mutations, neonatal and teratogenic, population size, pharmacological agents, genetic selection, and miscellaneous. Where multiple treatments were used, references are assigned to the category of the most important treatment. The third section contains reviews and theoretical references. Each item in the bibliography is assigned to a category in one of the three sections and given a reference number. At the end of each category is a list of the reference numbers from other categories which contain information pertinent to that category. References are arranged alphabetically within each category.
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PMID:Behavioral studies using genetically defined mice. A bibliography. 109 Feb 95

Lithium has become a widely accepted treatment for manic-depressive psychosis. It is dramatically effective for many cases of mania and is useful in the prevention of manic and depressive episodes. Hyperaggressiveness and hypersexuality are frequent components of manic-depressive illness and abate under the influence of lithium. A brief review is presented of the behavioral and biochemical pharmacology of lithium. This documents the inhibitory role which lithium can play in several examples of animal aggressive behavior including pain-elicited aggression, mouse killing in rats, isolation-induced aggression in mice, p-chlorophenylalanine-induced aggression in rats, and hypothalamically induced aggression in cats. The use of lithium to control human aggressive behavior has resulted in controversial findings. In epileptic conditions, improvement has been reported in interseizure aggressivity, but other reports indicate the possibility of increased seizures. Improvement in aggressive behavior in childhood has occasionally been reported as well as in emotionally unstable character disorders in young female patients. Te was a single blind study and the other a large but uncontrolled study. Both studies reported an improvement in aggressiveness as indicated by fewer recorded reports (tickets) for fighting. The final study reported is a study of 12 male delinquents age 16 to 23. They received lithium or placebo for 4 months inside an institution and then a trial of lithium for 1 to 12 months on an outpatient basis. Analysis of results in terms of the number of aggressive antisocial acts showed fewer serious aggressive episodes when the lithium level was between 0.6 and 1 meq/liter than when it was between 0.0 and 0.6 meq/liter. These results must be viewed with caution and are only suggestive since the study was not double blind.
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PMID:Lithium in the treatment of aggression. 109 Jul 6


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