UMLS:C0036341 - FACTA Search

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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) is a congenital malformation syndrome with variable phenotypic features that has been associated with chromosomal microdeletion 22q11.2. Psychiatric disorders have been reported to be highly prevalent in individuals with this syndrome, and the objective of this study was to assess the nature and extent of psychopathology among individuals with VCFS. We studied 20 children and adolescents with 22q11 deletions determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Control subjects were 11 nondeleted siblings who were the closest age match to the affected subjects. Both affected and control subjects were assessed using two standardized psychiatric research instruments. The results of this study confirmed the high rate of psychiatric disorders among VCFS subjects (60% of our subjects). Of the specific types of disorders, only mood disorders were significantly more common among VCFS subjects compared to sibling controls, with eight VCFS subjects having mood disorders compared with none of the control subjects (P<0.02). Three affected subjects had schizotypal traits comorbid with a mood disorder. In addition, disruptive behavior disorders were frequently diagnosed among VCFS subjects. Using a dimensional measure of psychopathology, significant differences between VCFS subjects and sibling controls were found on three scales: ADHD (P<0.02), separation anxiety (P<0.02), and depression (P<0.01). VCFS subjects were achieving significantly less well academically and requiring significantly more special educational assistance than sibling controls. Follow-up data were available on two subjects, both of whom had been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Further research on psychopathology in VCFS may provide a model of how a specific genetic defect can lead to the development of psychiatric disorders.
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PMID:Velo-cardio-facial syndrome: Implications of microdeletion 22q11 for schizophrenia and mood disorders. 1137 50

Prepulse inhibition (PPI), a measure of sensorimotor gating, is reduced in schizophrenia patients and in rats treated with dopamine (DA) agonists. Reported strain and supplier-based differences in sensitivity to PPI-disruptive effects of DA agonists presumably reflect the differential impact of genetics and/or environment on DAergic substrates regulating PPI. In 2000, Harlan Laboratories established a Texas Sprague-Dawley line (SDHt; facility 211) using breeders from Indianapolis (SDHi; facility 202A). SDHi rats had been used, approximately 11 years earlier, to establish a colony in San Diego (SDHsd; facility 235). SDHt and SDHi rats are thus genetically similar, but raised in distinct environments; approximately 11 years of genetic "drift" separates SDHsd rats from both SDHi and SDHt rats. Harlan Long-Evans hooded rats (LEH; Madison, WI; facility 207) are genetically distinct from albino SDH. All except SDHsd rats were shipped to our facility by air freight. We used SDHt, SDHi, SDHsd, and LEH rats to assess genetic and environmental contributions to the DAergic regulation of PPI. Acoustic startle/PPI were assessed in rats treated with the D1/D2 agonist apomorphine (APO), the D2 agonist quinpirole, or the D1 agonist SKF 82958. The relative sensitivities to the PPI-disruptive effects were: APO: SDHt=SDHsd=SDHi>>LEH; SKF 82958: SDHt=SDHsd=SDHi (LEH not sensitive); quinpirole: SDHt=SDHsd=SDHi; SDHi>LEH. Strain/supplier differences in sensitivity to drug effects on startle magnitude did not correspond to patterns of PPI sensitivity. In these rats, strain differences in the DAergic regulation of PPI are most easily explained by genetic, rather than environmental influences that differentially impact both D1 and D2 substrates. This finding is consistent with published reports in other strains. Pharmacogenetic studies of PPI in rats may identify a genetic basis for a model of deficient sensorimotor gating in schizophrenia.
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PMID:Sensitivity to the dopaminergic regulation of prepulse inhibition in rats: evidence for genetic, but not environmental determinants. 1170 Nov 91

Genetic isolates have been useful cohorts in which to search for genes underlying disorders of unknown pathology. One such cohort is thought to exist in the Central Valley of Costa Rica surrounding the city of San Jose. Previous investigators identified a rare dominant gene for hereditary deafness in this population, and a suggestive linkage of severe bipolar psychosis has been reported in another study. Ninety-nine families with at least one pair of siblings affected with schizophrenia or a schizophrenia-spectrum diagnosis had clinical evaluations and DNA collected for genotyping. The Marshfield Medical Research Foundation (NHLBI) Mammalian Genotyping Service performed all genotyping using 404 short-tandem repeat polymorphic markers (STRPs) spaced on average 10 cM apart. Data were analyzed using the nonparametric program, GeneHunterPlus. The population structure was investigated using the STRUCT program. No region was found with genome-wide significance for linkage. Using a phenotype of schizophrenia plus schizoaffective disorder, the highest maximum likelihood score (MLS) observed was 1.78 (P < 0.004) at 176.6 cM from pter on chromosome 5q, an area previously implicated by some other groups. In addition, five regions on chromosomes 1p, 2p, 2q, 14p, and 8p had MLSs above 1.0. All other regions produced scores below 1.0. Population genetic analysis reveals no evidence for population substructure, for admixture with other populations, such as Amerindians, or for inbreeding in the parental generation. The latter casts some doubt on this population being an isolate, although there was evidence of inbreeding among the offspring.
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PMID:Genome-wide scan for linkage to schizophrenia in a Spanish-origin cohort from Costa Rica. 1211 83

This study examined differences in symptom expression as measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS [Schizophr. Bull. 13 (1987) 261]) in a tri-ethnic sample of persons diagnosed with schizophrenia. We hypothesized that ethnic differences would be more apparent in Positive Scale symptoms than in Negative and General Scale symptoms of the PANSS. The sample of 351 persons receiving services in community-based mental health clinics came from the initial phase of the San Diego site of the Schizophrenia Care and Assessment Program (SCAP), a longitudinal naturalistic study on the course of schizophrenia treatment. Participants were 88 African-Americans, 198 Euro-Americans, and 65 Latinos. Baseline PANSS scale scores and individual items were analyzed using Multivariate Analysis of Covariance procedures to examine symptoms by ethnic group and living situation while controlling for income, education, and age. There were no significant ethnic differences on the scale scores. At the item level of analysis, significant ethnic group differences were found in Hallucinatory Behavior, Suspiciousness, Excitement, and for Somatic Concerns. The cultural implications for the ethnic differences in each symptom behavior and the need for further research on symptom expression from an ethnographic perspective are discussed.
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PMID:A tri-ethnic examination of symptom expression on the positive and negative syndrome scale in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. 1259 88

Clinicians should note that there is considerable variability in the reliabilities of the index and subtest scores derived from the third editions of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III) and the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS-III). The purpose of this article is to review these reliabilities and to illustrate how they can be used to interpret change in patients' performances from test to retest. The WAIS-III IQ and Index scores are consistently the most reliable scores, in terms of both internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The most internally consistent WAIS-III subtests are Vocabulary, Information, Digit Span, Matrix Reasoning, and Arithmetic. Information and Vocabulary have the highest test-retest reliability. On the WMS-III, the Auditory Immediate Index, Immediate Memory Index, Auditory Delayed Index, and General Memory Index are the most reliable, in terms of both internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The Logical Memory I and Verbal Paired Associates I subtests are the most reliable. Data from three clinical groups (i.e., Alzheimer's disease, chronic alcohol abuse, and schizophrenia) were extracted from the Technical Manual [Psychological Corporation (1997). WAIS-III/WMS-III Technical Manual. San Antonio: Harcourt Brace] for the purpose of calculating reliable change estimates. A table of confidence intervals for test-retest measurement error is provided to help the clinician determine if patients have reliably improved or deteriorated on follow-up testing.
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PMID:Interpreting change on the WAIS-III/WMS-III in clinical samples. 1459 Jan 86

It has been recognized that there are gender disparities in the admission rates to psychiatric units. While the community prevalence of the major non-organic psychotic mental disorders are thought to have no gender bias, non-psychotic disorders such as depression are more commonly diagnosed in women. Gender differences in admission may indicate differences in severity or in presentation to psychiatric services and would have important implications for the targeting of preventative strategies. The case notes of all admissions to the psychiatric unit at the San Fernando General Hospital were obtained for the calendar year 1999. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) diagnoses and gender were analysed to determine the distribution of diagnostic categories by gender. A total of 119 patients were admitted to the unit for the first time in the period under review, 72 were male (60.5%) and 47 were female (39.5%). There were no significant differences in age by gender. Substance use related admissions and psychotic illnesses (schizophrenia spectrum and affective psychoses) were significantly more common in men (p = 0.006; p = 0.03 respectively). These differences were especially marked for those of East Indian descent. Non-psychotic illnesses were more commonly diagnosed among women (p = 0.0008). These findings suggest that a larger proportion of males are admitted to the general hospital psychiatric unit among first time admissions. This is also true for re-admissions. Men are more likely to be diagnosed with substance use and psychotic disorders, while for women, major depression and non-psychotic illnesses are the main diagnoses. Community surveys are needed to determine whether this demographic pattern of admission reflects the population prevalence of these disorders. Reduction of admission rates will require interventions that are sensitive to gender differences in diagnosis among those admitted to psychiatric units.
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PMID:Gender and ethnicity in first admissions to a psychiatric unit in Trinidad. 1504 67

The authors conducted a study on children undergoing treatment at major school refusal treatment centers in Hiroshima Prefecture. On the whole, school refusal in the prefecture was found to peak between 13 and 14 years of age. By age group, the main reason for school refusal in elementary school group was parent-child relationship with separation anxiety. Given additional problems such as neglect at home and complicated social situations in their schools, junior high school students were found to present diverse symptoms from introversion and self-analysis to extroversion, neglect of studies, and delinquency. Among high school students, there were more cases suffering withdrawal and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The major task regarding treatment seems to lie in how to treat complex cases combining different problems. We summarized herein the studies we have carried out and propose a model for a network therapy system based on functional liaisons between treatment centers. With this system, a child psychiatric medical facility plays the part of a liaison center for the overall network system.
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PMID:Characteristics and outcomes of school refusal in Hiroshima, Japan: proposals for network therapy. 1566 93

The name "Soteria" stands for an alternative low-drug milieu-therapeutic approach to acute schizophrenia that was first implemented by Mosher and Menn in San Francisco, and since 1984 further developed by Ciompi and co-workers in Berne, on the basis of their concept of affect-logic, that emphasizes the often neglected influence of emotional factors in schizophrenia. In both settings, equal and even partly better therapeutic results, compared with traditional methods, were obtained with much lower doses of antipsychotics and comparable daily costs. Basic concepts, practical proceedings and empirical findings of Soteria Berne are reported, and their theoretical and practical implications for mainstream psychiatry are discussed. They support the hypothesis of a crucial pathogenetic and therapeutic-preventive role played by emotional factors not only in the so-called affective psychoses, but also in schizophrenia.
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PMID:Soteria Berne: an innovative milieu therapeutic approach to acute schizophrenia based on the concept of affect-logic. 1663 78

Several magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have shown cerebral atrophy in established schizophrenia, although not in all reports. Discrepancies may mostly be due to population and postprocessing differences. Recently, disruption of cortical white matter integrity has also been reported in chronic patients with schizophrenia. In this study we explored tridimensional (3D) cerebral volumes and white matter microstructure in schizophrenia with structural and diffusion magnetic resonance. Twenty-five patients with established schizophrenia and 25 1:1 matched normal controls underwent a session of MRI using a Siemens 1.5T-scanner. 3D brain volume reconstruction was performed with the semi-automatic software Amira (TGS, San Diego, CA), whereas the apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) of cortical white matter water molecules were obtained with in-house developed softwares written in MatLab (The Mathworks-Inc., Natick, MA). Compared to controls, patients with schizophrenia had significantly smaller gray matter intracranium and total brain volumes, increased 4th ventricle volumes, and greater temporal and occipital ADCs. Patients treated with typical antipsychotic medication (N = 9) had significantly larger right lateral and 4th ventricles compared to those on atypical antipsychotic drugs. Intracranial volumes significantly inversely correlated with left temporal ADC in patients with schizophrenia. Also, age correlated directly with right, left, and 3rd ventricle volumes and inversely with gray matter intracranium volumes in individuals with schizophrenia. This study confirmed the presence of cortical atrophy in patients with schizophrenia, especially in those on typical antipsychotic drugs, and the existence of white matter disruption. It also suggested that physiological aging effects on brain anatomy may be abnormally pronounced in schizophrenia.
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PMID:Cerebral atrophy and white matter disruption in chronic schizophrenia. 1696 Jun 52

We developed and tested the validity of a brief scale to assess everyday functioning in persons with serious mental illness. A sample of 434 adults with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were administered the University of California, San Diego, Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA), which assesses functional skills in 5 areas of life functioning (eg, finances and planning). Through use of factor analysis, we developed the UPSA-Brief, which consists of 2 subscales (communication and financial) from the original UPSA. UPSA-Brief scores were correlated with cognitive functioning, symptoms of psychosis, age, and education. We further tested the sensitivity and specificity of the UPSA-Brief for predicting residential independence using receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Finally, sensitivity to change was assessed through comparison of 2 interventions for improving UPSA-Brief scores. UPSA-Brief scores were highly correlated with scores on the full version of the UPSA (r = .91), with overall cognitive functioning (r = .57), and with negative symptoms (r = -.32). The discriminant validity of the UPSA-Brief was adequate (ROC area under the curve [AUC] = 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.67-0.78), with greatest dichotomization for the UPSA-Brief at a cutoff score of 60. The UPSA-Brief was significantly better than the Dementia Rating Scale, Positive and Negative Syndromes Scale positive, and Positive and Negative Syndromes Scale negative at predicting residential independence (all P values < .05). Participants receiving a behavioral intervention also improved significantly compared with a support condition (P = .023). The UPSA-Brief has adequate psychometric properties, predicts residential independence, is sensitive to change, and requires only 10-15 minutes to administer. Therefore, the UPSA-Brief may be a useful performance-based functional outcome scale.
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PMID:Development of a brief scale of everyday functioning in persons with serious mental illness. 1734 68

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