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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Studies with MRI have shown differences in corpus callosum size between schizophrenic patients and controls. Most have found that the corpus callosum is smaller in schizophrenic patients, but in only a minority was this finding statistically significant, perhaps due to small sample sizes. Therefore a meta-analysis of 11 published studies of corpus callosum morphology in schizophrenia was conducted to ascertain whether there was a significant difference in corpus callosum size between schizophrenic patients and normal controls. These studies combined comprised 313 patients and 281 controls. Measures of corpus callosum midsagittal area, length, and corpus callosum area:brain area ratio were used in the meta-analysis. There was overall a statistically significant reduction in corpus callosum area in schizophrenic patients compared with controls (P < 0.02). Differences between patients and controls in measures of corpus callosum: brain area and corpus callosum length were not statistically significant. Age and corpus callosum area were related in both patients and controls. The influences on the corpus callosum of overall alterations of brain size, sex, handedness, and psychiatric illness in general remains to be determined.
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PMID:Meta-analysis of corpus callosum size in schizophrenia. 773 54

We report on a 57 year-old patient with schizophrenia. After a 30 years course of the disease, he developed previous unknown psychopathological symptoms, and therapeutic interventions (neuroleptic drugs and electroconvulsive therapy) failed. Neurological examination and EEG revealed the diagnosis of complex partial epileptic seizures. MRI showed bitemporal localized cerebral lesions. Discussion focusses on generalization of microseizures in deep brain structures, and "kindling effect" of electroconvulsive therapy in a patient with pre-existing cerebral lesions.
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PMID:[Schizophrenia and partial complex seizures--case report in diagnosis and differential diagnosis of psychoses and epilepsy]. 781 Jan 55

Negative symptoms (and cognitive impairments) in schizophrenia are a correlate of early onset and poor outcome. It is plausible that they are related to an arrest of brain development, for which there is now considerable evidence, but the precise relationship is elusive. In one post-mortem study negative symptoms were related to a reduction in brain length and in an MRI study to an asymmetry of sulcal CSF. It is proposed that the phenomena of psychosis (including negative symptoms) can be understood as part of the diversity of human personality structure generated by a process of sexual selection acting on a sexual dimorphism for cerebral asymmetry.
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PMID:Brain changes and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. 787 Nov 16

Twenty eight schizophrenic patients and 20 normal volunteers underwent proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) on the left temporal and frontal lobe regions. Male patients showed a significant reduction in frontal but not temporal n-acetylaspartate (an intraneuronally distributed metabolite) in comparison with either male controls or female patients; frontal choline was raised in male patients relative to these groups. Putative neurodevelopmental indices, including obstetric complications, family history of schizophrenia, and minor physical anomalies, proved unrelated to MRS resonances. However, multiple aspects of memory function in patients were related to temporal but not frontal creatine, a pattern that was not apparent among controls. These MRS findings complement some previous structural MRI studies and much clinical and epidemiological evidence of important gender differences in schizophrenia. The findings also suggest that memory dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia may be associated with a particular pattern of temporal lobe metabolism on MRS.
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PMID:1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the left temporal and frontal lobes in schizophrenia: clinical, neurodevelopmental, and cognitive correlates. 789 44

MB suffered an episode of status epilepticus of febrile origin at the age of 20 months. This was followed at two years by complex partial seizures of temporal lobe origin and at eight years he had learning difficulties arising from the dominant hemisphere. Subsequent symptoms included auditory, visual and olfactory hallucinations which were not controlled by antipsychotics or antiepileptics. EEG and MRI were unhelpful and alternating diagnoses of schizophrenia and temporal lobe epilepsy were made. Now aged 17 years, he has a diagnosis of schizophreniform psychosis with temporal lobe abnormality from status epilepticus in childhood, and is managed by an adult psychiatrist. His symptoms persist.
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PMID:Psychosis or epilepsy--a diagnostic and management quandary. 789 50

Twenty-six patients with RDC bipolar disorder were compared with a previously reported group of 48 RDC schizophrenics and 34 healthy controls, using volumetric MRI measurements of cerebral, cortical and sulcal volumes. The bipolar group appeared no different from the controls, and both of these groups had significantly larger cerebral and cortical volumes than the schizophrenics. Our previous report of a significantly reduced cortical volume in the schizophrenic group, with a corresponding increase in the volume of sulcal fluid is, therefore, not a generalized feature of psychotic illness but may be more specific to schizophrenia.
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PMID:Volumetric MRI measurements in bipolars compared with schizophrenics and healthy controls. 799 51

Activation of the cerebral cortex during motor task performance can be visualised with functional MRI. A modified FLASH sequence (TR/TE/alpha 100/60/40 degrees, first order flow rephased, fat suppression, reduced bandwidth 28 Hz/pixel, 120 repetitions, three cycles of rest and finger movement for each hand) on a standard 1.5 T clinical imager was used to investigate 10 schizophrenic patients receiving clozapine and 10 healthy volunteers. All subjects were right-handed. Color-coded statistical parametric maps (SPM) based on the Student's t-test were calculated. A grid overlay was used for global and regional quantification. Activation strength was defined as the mean t-value of the respective region. All patients and volunteers showed a significant activation in the contralateral and ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex during motor task performance. The schizophrenic patients showed a significantly reduced global activation strength compared with healthy volunteers (p < .005). Selective evaluation of left-hand compared to right-hand movement demonstrated an increase in global activation strength in volunteers in contrast to a decrease in patients. Furthermore a reduced coactivation in the dominant left hemisphere was found in patients compared to volunteers during movement of the ipsilateral (left) hand. We conclude that alterations of the right and left hemispheric balance can be detected in schizophrenic patients using functional MRI at 1.5 T. These changes may indicate a disturbed interhemispheric interaction in schizophrenia. The reduction in cortical activation may result from several causes, however, taken together with previous studies and the underlying physiological effects, the most likely explanation is a combined effect of the disease and the neuroleptic medication.
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PMID:Functional magnetic resonance imaging at 1.5 T: activation pattern in schizophrenic patients receiving neuroleptic medication. 799 2

This preliminary study focused on the relationship between prefrontal and temporal lobe MRI measures and neuropsychological performance in chronic schizophrenia. Seventeen schizophrenic inpatients received an MRI and a neuropsychological test battery after clinical stabilization, on average 2 months after admission. The central finding was a significant inverse correlation between neurocognitive measures of prefrontal function and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) area, strongest in the left hemisphere. Neurocognitive performance did not correlate significantly with orbital frontal area or total temporal lobe volume. The correlations of neuropsychological performance with total frontal volume and whole brain volume were generally not significant, although the pattern was similar to that associated with the DLPFC. Because a number of executive-attention and abstraction measures were significantly associated with the DLPFC, dysfunctions of this region may underlie a syndrome of cognitive dysfunctions. Long-term memory functions were also significantly correlated with the DLPFC, raising the possibility that recall memory defects in schizophrenia are, in part, associated with prefrontal contributions of attention, abstract reasoning, and executive function. This study needs replication with a larger sample of patients and more comprehensive volumetric morphometric analyses.
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PMID:Relationship of prefrontal and temporal lobe MRI measures to neuropsychological performance in chronic schizophrenia. 818 28

Reductions in the size of medial temporal lobe structures in schizophrenia have been demonstrated using magnetic resonance imaging. It is not clear whether these neuropathological changes are present premorbidly or if they reflect an adult-onset progressive process. In this study, quantitative measures were made of the lateral ventricles, third ventricle, amygdala, hippocampus, and cerebral hemispheres from coronal MRI images on 33 patients with schizophrenia and 41 normal controls. Images were selected a priori from the region of the temporal lobe in which we had previously demonstrated reduced volume of temporal lobe gray matter in a separate sample of patients. Results showed a decrease in amygdala, hippocampal, and amygdala-hippocampal size bilaterally and an increase in third and lateral ventricular volume. Advancing age in normals was associated with a decrease in the size of medial temporal structures and an increase in lateral ventricular size. In schizophrenia, there was a correlation between age and lateral ventricle size, but duration of illness was not associated with reductions in medial temporal tissue or ventricular enlargement. These results are consistent with prior evidence from neuroimaging and postmortem studies of medial temporal pathology in schizophrenia and support hypotheses that neuropathological changes in schizophrenia are not progressive.
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PMID:Medial temporal lobe structures in schizophrenia: relationship of size to duration of illness. 819 61

Volume reductions of the hippocampus are associated with Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and epilepsy. We used clinically available MRI methods (2D acquisition; inversion recovery and calculated T2 images; 3 mm contiguous slices) that optimize image contrast, quality, and resolution and standardized positioning protocols to maximize the in vivo accuracy (test-retest reliability) of brain volume measurements in volunteers who were scanned two or three times. Volunteers were scanned in the same MRI instrument (intrascanner reliability) as well as in two different instruments (interscanner reliability). A single rater obtained brain volume measures of seven contiguous slices centered on the anterior commissure. The in vivo intrascanner reliability for measures of anterior hippocampus and ventricular volumes was very good, with reliability coefficients [intraclass r (rxx)] ranging between .855 and .997, and a median coefficient of variation (CV) of 6.4%. Reliability was good for amygdala (rxx of .740 and .764) and for total frontal and temporal lobe volumes and white matter volume measures (rxx ranging between .640 and .823, median coefficient of variation was 3.2%). Overall, interscanner reliability was also good. We discuss the implications of our results relative to the possible clinical utility of hippocampal quantification and the feasibility of prospective studies aimed at quantifying progressive neurodegeneration.
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PMID:Reliability of in vivo volume measures of hippocampus and other brain structures using MRI. 823 83


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