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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Head circumference, body weight, body length, and shoulder circumference at birth were studied in 70 RDC schizophrenic patients and 70 demographically matched controls from the same delivery series, using information recorded in the medical records at the time of birth. With preterm babies removed from both samples, only head circumference among preschizophrenic infants was significantly smaller than that of controls. Preschizophrenic infants also had a disproportionately smaller head circumference in relation to body length than did controls. Among the former, a small head circumference was systematically related to an absence of family history of psychosis, but was not related to season of birth or recorded pregnancy complications. The findings were strongest for females. The results suggest there is an unidentified non-genetic factor in schizophrenia that disturbs prenatal cerebral development.
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PMID:Head circumference in 'preschizophrenic' and control neonates. 825 4

Three hundred fifty-three psychiatric inpatients and their 192 living spouses and 98 control subjects and their 54 living spouses were examined and interviewed for affective, schizoaffective, schizophrenic (Research Diagnostic Criteria [RDC]), and personality disorders (DSM-III-R) using the Lifetime Version of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS-L) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-Personality Disorders (SCID). The morbid risks of spouses for unipolar depression were between .15 and .25, and those for other major disorders were below .03. The morbid risks of spouses of bipolar patients for unipolar depression exceeded those of other spouses by 50% without reaching statistical significance. Personality disorders were found in 44.6% of patients, in 8.4% of patients' spouses, and in 9.8% of healthy controls. There was only one couple in which the husband and wife had each had a major disorder before marriage. Only four husband-wife pairs suffered the same personality disorder. Spouses of patients do not have significantly more psychiatric disorders than healthy controls; therefore, assortative mating can only be of minor relevance in family studies.
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PMID:Morbid risks for major disorders and frequencies of personality disorders among spouses of psychiatric inpatients and controls. 848 83

Psychiatric morbidity risk was assessed in 293 first degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia and 277 first degree relatives of surgical control patients using the family history method (FH-RDC). The morbidity risk for schizophrenia, alcoholism and schizoid personality disorder was significantly greater in relatives of schizophrenic patients. Affective disorder was difficult to diagnose using the family history method. Of the relatives of the schizophrenic probands who had psychotic illness 73.3% received treatment from traditional healers. The problem of social stigmatization of psychiatric illness was a deterrent to obtaining adequate family history, invariably the most reliable informant was the index proband. The problem was compounded by the paucity of and inaccessibility to treatment records from the traditional healers.
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PMID:Psychiatric illness in first degree relatives of Nigerian schizophrenic and surgical control patients. 851 15

The dominant, contemporary paradigm for developing and refining diagnoses relies heavily on assessing reliability with kappa coefficients and virtually ignores a core component of psychometric practice: the theory of latent structures. This article describes a psychometric approach to psychiatric nosology that emphasizes the diagnostic accuracy and confusability of diagnostic categories. We apply these methods to the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS), a structured psychiatric interview designed by the NIMH Genetics Initiative for genetic studies of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Our results show that sensitivity and specificity were excellent for both DSM-III-R and RDC diagnoses of major depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. In contrast, diagnostic accuracy was substantially lower for subtypes of schizoaffective disorder-especially for the DSM-III-R definitions. Both the bipolar and depressed subtypes of DSM-III-R schizoaffective disorder had excellent specificity but poor sensitivity. The RDC definitions also had excellent specificity but were more sensitive than the DSM-III-R schizoaffective diagnoses. The source of low sensitivity for schizoaffective subtypes differed for the two diagnostic systems. For RDC criteria, the schizoaffective subtypes were frequently confused with one another; they were less frequently confused with other diagnoses. In contrast, the DSM-III-R subtypes were often confused with schizophrenia, but not with each other.
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PMID:Diagnostic accuracy and confusability analyses: an application to the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies. 868 96

Controversy continues regarding the differential diagnostic distinction between schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia, and there are few published studies that examine the neuropsychological performance of schizoaffective patients. We evaluated 52 RDC-diagnosed schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients with equal numbers of medicated and unmedicated patients using the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery and additional cognitive measures. Both groups performed at cognitively impaired levels. The cognitive performance level of schizoaffective patients was indistinguishable from that of the schizophrenic patients. The RDC subtype of schizoaffective disorder (depressed or manic) also was not related to cognitive performance level. Findings are consistent with the notion that cognitive impairment is found in a significant portion of schizophrenic (and possibly schizoaffective) patients and that the presence of this deficit may characterize a specific subgroup of patients.
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PMID:Comparison of cognitive performance in RDC-diagnosed schizoaffective and schizophrenic patients with the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery. 890 36

This study of patients with functional psychoses set out to examine associations between minor physical anomalies (MPAs) and demographic, clinical, CT scan measures, and putative aetiological variables. 157 psychotic patients had minor physical anomalies assessed using a modified Waldrop scale. RDC diagnoses for these patients were: schizophrenia (n = 79), schizoaffective disorder (n = 31), mania (n = 24), major depression (n = 13), unspecified functional psychosis (n = 8), other organic psychosis (n = 2). 63 healthy white controls were also assessed with the modified Waldrop scale. Minor physical anomalies were not associated with any particular diagnosis. For white subjects, patients had significantly more MPAs than well controls. Anomalies of the palate were the most frequent item reported in patients and controls. For males, there was a weak association between the presence of MPAs and positive family history of a major psychiatric disorder. Those with MPAs required more frequent and longer psychiatric admissions, and showed impaired ability on a test sensitive to left parietal system function. Within the patient group, there were no associations between MPAs and gender, age at onset, negative symptoms, premorbid level of functioning, estimated premorbid intelligence, pregnancy and birth complications, and selected CT variables. Minor physical anomalies are found in a range of functional psychoses. There may be overlap between the various genes that predispose to psychiatric illness (especially in males) and those genes that predispose to developmental instability.
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PMID:Minor physical anomalies in psychoses: associations with clinical and putative aetiological variables. 892 56

One of the most consistent findings in the epidemiology of schizophrenia is that males are younger at the onset of schizophrenia than females. However, the vast majority of studies focussing on gender differences have not considered the potential influence of genetic factors on age at onset. We investigated the impact of familial loading on gender differences in age at onset in families with at least two siblings with RDC/DSM-III-R schizophrenia or chronic schizoaffective disorder. A total of 106 sib pairs, including 38 male-male pairs, 29 female-female pairs and 39 mixed-sex pairs of siblings as well as 260 male and 221 female isolated cases with no relative of first, second or third degree suffering from psychotic or major affective illness were investigated. We found no gender differences in age at onset in familial cases. An earlier age at onset in males compared to females was observed only in isolated cases. Our data strongly support the assumption that gender differences in age at onset of schizophrenia is not consistent across all subgroups of schizophrenics.
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PMID:Lack of gender differences in age at onset in familial schizophrenia. 892 61

The prevalence of abnormal subjective experiences is high in schizophrenic patients. This study starts from the hypothesis that these subjective disorders are associated with cognitive disturbances. In order to test this hypothesis a study was carried out on 40 patients who were diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia according to RDC and DSM-III-R criteria. They were consecutively admitted due to a recrudescence of their symptomatology. Version 3 of the Frankfurt Complaint Questionnaire, adapted for Spanish by the authors, was used as an instrument for the assessment of subjective experiences. Eight patients refused to answer the questionnaire. A neuropsychological battery, including the Mini-Mental State, some subtests from the WAIS, Bender's visual-motor test, Rey's Complex Figure, and the Trail Making Test, was used. Frontal neurological signs were evaluated. The abnormal subjective experiences of schizophrenics presented a close association with neuropsychological disturbances and, to a lesser degree, of intensity with frontal neurological signs. Regression analyses by means of stepwise method and partial correlation analyses were undertaken. Many significant relationships between subjective experiences and cognitive disturbances persisted after controlling the influence of age, gender, education, lack of insight, neuroleptic doses, and biperidene doses.
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PMID:Abnormal subjective experiences in schizophrenia: its relationships with neuropsychological disturbances and frontal signs. 906 5

Factor analysis was performed on OPCRIT checklist ratings from 66 patients with RDC schizophrenia. Eight substantive factors were found, characterised respectively by: positive formal thought disorder; first rank delusions; first rank hallucinations; inappropriate affect/bizarre behaviour; negative symptoms; grandiose/bizarre delusions; delusions of influence/persecution; and other hallucinations. A history of schizophrenia and other non-affective psychoses was ascertained in the probands' first-degree relatives using a family history approach. Illness in relatives was best predicted by probands' scores on subsyndromes derived from the inappropriate affect/bizarre behaviour and positive formal thought disorder factors.
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PMID:Factor-derived subsyndromes of schizophrenia and familial morbid risks. 907 1

In a randomised multicentre study, the prophylactic efficacy of lithium and carbamazepine was compared in schizoaffective disorder. A total of 90 ICD-9 schizoaffective patients were included in the maintenance phase (2.5 years). They were also diagnosed according to RDC and DSM-III-R and classified into subgroups. Mean serum levels were 0.58 +/- 0.12 mmol/l for lithium and 6.4 +/- 1.5 micrograms/ml for carbamazepine (mean dose 643 +/- 179 mg/d). Outcome criteria were hospitalisation, recurrence, concomitant psychotropic medication and adverse effects leading to discontinuation. There were more non-completers under carbamazepine than under lithium (p = 0.02). Survival analyses demonstrated no significant differences between lithium and carbamazepine in treatment outcome. Patient's ratings of side effects (p = 0.003) and treatment satisfaction (p = 0.02) favoured carbamazepine. Following the RDC criteria, patients of the schizodepressive and non-classifiable type did better under carbamazepine (p = 0.055 for recurrence), whereas in the schizomanic patients equipotency of both drugs was found. Applying DSM-III-R, carbamazepine demonstrated a superiority in the patient group with more schizophrenia-like or depressive disorders (p = 0.040 for recurrence), but not in patients fulfilling the DSM-III-R criteria of bipolar disorder. Lithium and carbamazepine seem to be equipotent alternatives in the maintenance treatment of broadly defined schizoaffective disorders. However, in subgroups with depressive or schizophrenia-like features and regarding its long-term tolerability carbamazepine seems to be superior.
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PMID:Lithium vs carbamazepine in the maintenance treatment of schizoaffective disorder: a randomised study. 908 5


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