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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In this study 18 patients with a research diagnostic criteria diagnosis of schizophrenia had a mean initial serum creatine phosphokinase level significantly higher than that of 36 control subjects with other RDC diagnoses. There were no corresponding elevations in the serum levels of nondrinking alcoholics or patients with primary or secondary affective disorders. The authors suggest that increased creatine phosphokinase levels in schizophrenic patients may be due to a sudden increase in the substance in the dopaminergic or limbic system due to increased muscle membrane permeability or to sympathetic nervous system or adrenergic dominance.
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PMID:Serum creatine phosphokinase levels in patients meeting the St. Louis research diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia. 706 96

We compared the joint frequencies and reliabilities of the following sets of criteria for the diagnosis of schizophrenia: the New Haven Schizophrenia Index: the Carpenter, Strauss, Bartko (4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-item) system; DSM-III; Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC; full and chronic); the Feighner system; and the 1975 criteria of Taylor and Abrams. The systems, of essentially equal reliability, varied sevenfold in their rates of diagnosing schizophrenia. Patients in whom schizophrenia was diagnosed by the lower-rate systems were likely to receive the same diagnosis by the higher-rate systems. This tends not to be the cases when an affective syndrome is present.
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PMID:Diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia: reliabilities and agreement between systems. 710 77

The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule was administered by psychiatrists to 216 individuals. The DSM-III, Feighner, and RDC diagnoses derived from the computerized interview results were then compared for eight psychiatric disorders. Rates of diagnostic concordance among the systems are given, and the causes of diagnostic discrepancies are discussed. Diagnostic concordance was highest for mania and alcoholism and lowest for schizophrenia and antisocial personality disorder. Implications of these findings and future research directions are discussed.
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PMID:Diagnostic concordance between DSM-III, Feighner, and RDC. 729 83

In a test-retest reliability study involving 25 psychiatric patients and 5 professional raters we demonstrate that research clinicians from collaborating institutions are able to achieve good reliability for most areas of the SADS and RDC when assessing psychiatrically ill patients under interview conditions that provide even less data than ideally obtained in the practice of clinical research. We expect greater reliability in the actual use of the SADS/RDC on most items and diagnoses since the SADS is intended to be used in conjunction with information obtained from relatives, friends, and treatment staff to confirm and clarify the judgements made by the raters on the patient interviews. Moreover, we are reassured that the diagnosis of schizo-affective disorders and schizophrenia is protected from the item unreliability found with specific delusions and hallucinations. Similarly, the difficulties in determining the episodic and chronic nature of the present episode does not substantially interfere with making an RDC diagnosis of the current condition. A complex diagnostic interview system such as the SADS and RDC requires multiple complementary techniques to determine reliability. We find that establishing explicit procedures for raters to discuss and categorize the reasons for their disagreements on individual items and diagnoses provides valuable data for understanding reliability problems. This has helped us to identify specific areas of the interview and criteria that require further clarification and more intensive rater training to improve ratings made by interviewers.
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PMID:Test-retest reliability of assessing psychiatrically ill patients in a multi-center design. 734 77

Point prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders, risk factors, and treatment sought for the disorders are presented, based on a 1975--1976 follow-up of a community probability sample originally surveyed in 1967. These data, while preliminary because of the limitations of a follow-up study, demonstrate the first application to a community sample of new psychiatric diagnostic techniques (SADS-RDC), which are being used with increasing frequency in the United States. The forthcoming DSM-III will be based on these diagnostic techniques. These results, consistent with other reports, show that depression is the most common psychiatric disorder in the community; that schizophrenia and bipolar disorders both have low frequency; and that psychiatric disorders are heterogeneous by age, sex, race, social class, marital status. While persons with a psychiatric disorder tend to use the health care system in the United States, they do not specifically seek help for emotional problems. Since the majority of psychiatric disorders are untreated in the mental health system, prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders based on cases receiving treatment in psychiatric facilities are a gross underestimate.
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PMID:Psychiatric disorders in a U.S. community. The application of research diagnostic criteria to a resurveyed community sample. 746 89

The diagnostic classification of schizoaffective psychoses has varied much since Kasanin introduced the concept in 1933. The various classifications have agreed that schizoaffective psychoses present a combination of schizophreniform and affective symptoms, but the diagnostic criteria differ as to the number, quality, and time sequence of the symptoms even in recent classifications like RDC, DSM-III-R, and ICD-10. The classifications are syndromatical, and the etiology of the schizoaffective psychoses is still undetermined apart from evidence for a strong genetic factor. Results from family, twin, and adoption studies are divergent, but all the same, support a separate classification of broadly defined schizoaffective psychoses as possibly being phenotypical variations or expressions of genetic interforms between schizophrenia and affective psychoses.
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PMID:Schizoaffective psychoses: genetical clues to classification. 748 38

Whereas Chapman's social and physical scales are the most used instruments for the assessment of anhedonia in schizophrenia, no French translation has been still validated by the authors. Therefore, the aim of this study was first to translate into French the both scales, and after back translation, to obtain the agreement of the original authors. Second, the aim was to establish values and to establish the cut-off beyond of which French subjects could be considered as anhedonic. One hundred and twenty-three subjects were included: 72 control subjects without mental disorders and 51 stable schizophrenic patients defined by the DSM III-R, ICD 9, ICD 10, RDC or Feighner criteria. According to the literature, schizophrenic patients had higher scores for both scales than control subjects (p < 0.001; Student t test). The social anhedonia scores are different due to cultural variations. The distribution of physical anhedonia scores in control subjects or in schizophrenic patients differed from normal distributions (respectively, p < 0.05; p < 0.0001; Shapiro-Wilks test). The distribution of social anhedonia scores differed from normal distributions (p < 0.01) only in schizophrenic patients but not in control subjects. By maximising the Younden indice [Sensitivity + Specificity -1], the cut-off of the physical anhedonia score was 18 (Younden indice = 0.45), and the cut-off of the social anhedonia score was 12 (Younden indice = 0.24). In using this cut-off, the French physical anhedonia scale had a good positive predictive value (evaluated by logistic regression) for schizophrenia. Therefore, a patient with a physical anhedonia score beyond 18 have a probability of 64% to be schizophrenic. In contrast, the social anhedonia scale was less discriminant for schizophrenia. Indeed, patient with a social anhedonia score beyond 12 have a probability of 52% to be schizophrenic. This French version of Chapman's anhedonia scales could be considered as an useful instrument to assess anhedonia, in particular physical anhedonia, in schizophrenic patients.
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PMID:[French translation of the Chapman Social and Physical Anhedonia Questionnaire: validation of the French translation in controls and schizophrenic patients]. 868 80

Twenty-three patients admitted with acute psychosis who were cannabis positive on urinary screening were each matched, with respect to sex, with two psychotic controls who screened negatively for all substances. The lifetime morbid risk of psychiatric disorder was estimated among the first degree relatives of cases and controls, using RDC-FH criteria to define diagnoses, and Weinberg's shorter method of age correction. The cases had a significantly greater familial morbid risk of schizophrenia (7.1%) than the controls (0.7%), while the risks of other psychoses, and of non-psychotic conditions were similar. The same pattern of familial risk was evident when the analysis was restricted to patients with DSM-III schizophrenia. The data suggest that the development or recurrence of acute psychosis in the context of cannabis use may be associated with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia.
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PMID:Morbid risk of schizophrenia for relatives of patients with cannabis-associated psychosis. 763 25

58 psychotic adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 diagnosed according to RDC criteria were matched with psychiatric comparisons and followed-up using a two stage design. Information upon the group as a whole was obtained using death records, criminal records and data from the Oxford Record Linkage System. A sub-sample of 21 matched pairs were interviewed using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia--Life time version (SADS-L) and the Adult Personality Functioning Assessment (APFA). The outcome of adolescent schizophrenia was poor with 78% continuously ill and socially handicapped. Outcome was better for bipolar disorders and schizo-affective disorders and similar to psychiatric comparisons.
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PMID:Adolescent onset psychosis. A clinical and outcome study. 780 13

The authors have carried out an investigation of psychiatric morbidity in families of patients who responded and failed to respond to long-term lithium treatment. The study included 121 probands with RDC primary affective disorders and 903 first-degree relatives and spouses. Seventy-one probands were responders and 50 were nonresponders to long-term lithium treatment. Extended to 20 years, the follow-up of patients and their families provided substantial information relevant for the diagnosis and reliable assessment of lithium response. The diagnoses were based on all available information, SADS-L interviews and RDC criteria. The principal statistical methods were survival analysis and Cox regression analysis. The results revealed a significantly higher frequency of bipolar disorder in the relatives of lithium responders (3.8% vs. 0%). Schizophrenia was more common in the families of nonresponders (2.4% vs. 0.3%). There were no significant differences in the rates of other psychiatric disorders. Both family history and the proband's diagnosis contribute independently to predicting response to long-term lithium.
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PMID:Lithium response and genetics of affective disorders. 782 68


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