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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Eighty-eight of 92 first-admission schizophrenics from 1963, an incidence by first admission cohort, were followed up in 1974 and 1975. Epidemiologically the sample was more comparable to lower European rates and expectancy rather than to higher American figures. Prior to follow-up, factors said to predict outcome were scored. This prognostic information was complete for 79 cases. Outcome was measured on a variety of criteria. The patients fell into a "poor prognosis" group based on the prognostic indicators, which were of little value in predicting prognosis within this group. However, patients who received extensive service during the follow-up period had poorer outcomes. Outcome was better than in most earlier studies of schizophrenia, but similar to that in some other recent studies of first-admission patients; also, the use of phenothiazines, short-term hospitalization, and community services may play a part. The failure of prognostic indicators to predict more than about 25% of the outcome variance for this group of "poor prognosis" patients supports the viewpoint that "good" and "poor" prognosis schizophrenia are two different entities.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978 Jan
PMID:Prognosis in schizophrenia. Prognostic predictors and outcome. 61 41

The broad task of identifying and characterizing specific components of personality and behaviours of therapists that may be differentially helpful in the treatment of schizophrenia still remains to be addressed. This report presents data systematically collected in the course of a controlled study of the outcome of five different treatment methods in schizophrenia. Therapists seem to play a significant role in determining the outcome of the treatment of schizophrenia by drugs and by psychotherapy plus drugs. The salient therapist behaviors that seem to make a difference in outcome are yet to be identified and studied. The A-B dimension as customarily defined seems of little value for this task. The findings show a distinct need to identify cognitive and affective personality characteristics of the therapist relevant to eliciting patient cooperation, and the degree of knowledge and sophistication in the use of particular methods of treatment necessary for good results.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978 Jan
PMID:Therapist characteristics and the outcome of treatment in schizophrenia. 61 42

Previous studies completed in Denmark show a higher frequency of schizophrenia-related psychopathology in the adopted offspring of schizophrenics than in matched controls. This study adds a psychometric dimension to the earlier reports with an analysis of psychopathology in the adopted offspring of schizophrenics based on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). A combination of MMPI criteria and interview-based diagnosis identifies 22% of the index cases and 6% of the control cases (P less than .01) as having a schizophrenia spectrum disorder. The findings support a genetic hypothesis, but the use of the MMPI does not fully clarify some issues raised in the earlier reports.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978 Feb
PMID:MMPI assessment of psychopathology in the adopted-away offspring of schizophrenics. 62 3

One hundred ninety cases of lithium carbonate use in children and adolescents are reviewed and divided by the authors according to DSM-II criteria into major affective disorders, behavior disorders of childhood and adolescence, and schizophrenia, childhood type. Of these 190 cases, only 46 cases were described in detail. In this group of 25 males and 21 females, aged 3 to 19, there were 30 positive responses to lithium carbonate. A family history of diagnosed manic-depressive illness was reported in only eight cases, while 19 had a family history of other psychiatric disorders. We were impressed by the affective component, irrespective of diagnosis, in youngsters responding to lithium carbonate and by the use of the drug despite multiple neurological problems. Thirty cases had positive neurological findings. Nevertheless, the many incompletely reported cases prevent conclusive generalization and demonstrate the need for well-documented studies correlating clinical, familial, and biochemical indices.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978 Feb
PMID:Lithium carbonate use in children and adolescents. A survey of the literature. 62 8

The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) was developed to reduce information variance in both the descriptive and diagnostic evaluation of a subject. The SADS is unique among rating scales in that it provides for (1) a detailed description of the features of the current episodes of illness when they were at their most severe; (2) a description of the level of severity of manifestations of major dimensions of psychopathology during the week preceding the evaluation, which can then be used as a measure of change; (3) a progression of questions and criteria, which provides information for making diagnoses; and (4) a detailed description of past psychopathology and functioning relevant to an evaluation of diagnosis, prognosis, and overall severity of disturbance. This article reports on initial scale development and reliability studies of the items and the scale scores.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978 Jul
PMID:A diagnostic interview: the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia. 67 37

Studies of the etiology of schizophrenia and other psychiatric illnesses may be executed by using a genetic framework in the experimental design. This article describes research strategies for identifying the genetic factors that produce a vulnerability to a psychiatric illness. The proposed strategies evaluate the role of a given genetic factor by comparing the transmission of this factor within pedigrees to the transmission of that illness. In a biologically heterogeneous disorder, these strategies can be used to identify homogeneous subgroups. This report also describes a strategy for identification of the environmental events that promote the development of a psychiatric illness, either independently or in conjunction with the genetic diathesis.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978 Jul
PMID:Genetic strategies in biological psychiatry. 67 40

Computerized records of a large university hospital were searched to identify all women from 1967 to 1976 whose conditions had been diagnosed as breast cancer or primary cancer of another site. The records for those women with diagnoses of cancer were then examined to identify any prior psychiatric diagnoses. The rationale was that most patients treated in this hospital setting for psychiatric disorders received neuroleptic drugs, and patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia are almost certain to be treated with major neuroleptic drugs over a prolonged period of time. No substantial difference in the relative frequency of prior psychiatric treatment was observed between breast cancer and other cancer groups.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978 Jul
PMID:Prior psychiatric treatment and the development of breast cancer. 67 41

Initial lateral eye movements (LEMs) have been shown to be associated with activation of the contralateral frontal lobes. Using LEM as a criterion measure of activation, schizophrenics were compared to normals with respect to the processing of four types of stimuli: verbal nonemotional (VNE), verbal emotional (VE), spatial nonemotional (SNE), and spatial emotional (SE). Our results indicate that schizophrenics initiate thought in their left hemisphere significantly more often than controls when one compares all test conditions and on VNE, VE, and SE material. Neither medication nor level of education had an appreciable effect on LEM in either group. However, sex was a significant variable; women irrespective of diagnosis consistently used the left hemisphere more often than men. The inappropriate initiation of thought on SE material as well as the overall increase in left hemisphere activity suggest left hemisphere disorder. This is consistent with other findings that suggest a left hemisphere locus of disturbance in schizophrenia.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978 Aug
PMID:Abnormalities of cerebral lateralization in schizophrenia patients. 67 47

Excess mortality was found in the first decade of follow-up for schizophrenia and affective disorders. This trend continued for schizophrenia throughout the entire four decades of the follow-up period. Suicides were higher than expected for all psychiatric groups except female schizophrenics and male manics. Accidental deaths were higher in these two groups, which did not show significantly excessive suicide rates. Suicides and accidental deaths were then excluded from the mortality analysis to determine their contribution to excess nortality. We conclude that death due to suicides and accidental deaths is not the sole cause for excess mortality, especially in schizophrenia.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978 Oct
PMID:Excess mortality in schizophrenia and affective disorders. Do suicides and accidental deaths solely account for this excess? 69 36

The urinary excretion of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and other catecholamine metabolites was measured in a series of 63 patients with various clinically defined subtypes of depressive disorders. MHPG excretion was significantly lower in patients with bipolar manic-depressive depressions and schizo-affective depressions than in patients with unipolar nonendogenous depressions. Patients with schizophrenia-related depressions also excreted reduced levels of MHPG when compared with patients with unipolar nonendogenous depressions. Moreover, levels of urinary epinephrine and metanephrine were significantly lower in patients with schizophrenia-related depressions. These data, coupled with our recent finding that patients with schizophrenia-related depressions had significantly higher levels of platelet monoamine oxidase activity than control subjects of patients with unipolar endogenous depressions, suggest that we can discriminate three biochemically discrete subgroups of depressive disorders corresponding to the following clinically defined subtypes: (1) the bipolar manic-depressive depressions plus the schizo-affective depressions; (2) the unipolar nonendogenous depressions; and (3) the schizophrenia-related depressions.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978 Dec
PMID:Toward a biochemical classification of depressive disorders. I. Differences in urinary excretion of MHPG and other catecholamine metabolites in clinically defined subtypes of depressions. 72 78


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