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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Schizoaffective disorder, traditionally classified under schizophrenia, recently tends to be subsumed under affective disorder. This article reports a study of 35 sib pairs, where each six was independently diagnosed as having schizophrenia (SC), affective disorder (AD), or schizoaffective disorder (SA). The observed numbers of same-diagnosis pairs (ADAD, SASA, SCSC) were compared with the numbers expected if the three disorders are genetically independent. The results showed a significant deficiency only in the observed number of SASA pairs, which suggests that schizophrenia and affective disorder are genetically distinct whereas schizoaffective disorder is not. To test whether schizoaffective disorder is a variant of affective disorder or schizophrenia, the observed number of ADSA and SASC pairs were compared against the expected numbers. No significant differences were found, which suggests that schizoaffective disorder is genetically heterogeneous, with at least two subtypes, one a variant of affective disorder, the other a variant of schizophrenia.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979 Jun
PMID:'Schizoaffective disorder': dead or alive? 44 16

Twenty-nine male offspring of "continuous schizophrenics" (chronic, borderline, and chronic schizoaffective schizophrenics), plus controls, were given neurological and psychological examinations at age 7. Eight of the 29 were found to have high ratings on a factor score that was termed "hyperactive" (increased activity, impulsivity, distractibility, and emotional lability), and three of these boys had high ratings for neurological signs as well. These frequencies were significantly greater than the control values. Mild incoordination, such as awkwardness in performing rapidly alternating movements, was the neurological soft sign most elevated in the index group. Fifteen female offspring of schizophrenics were not found to differ from their controls on these measures. Previous studies of the childhood of male schizophrenics have found behavior patterns similar to the behavior of the boys who scored high on our hyperactive factors. It is thus likely that the "hyperactive cases" in this sample are even more at risk for developing schizophrenia in later life than the other offspring of schizophrenic parents.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979 Jun
PMID:Offspring of schizophrenics. III. Hyperactivity and neurological soft signs. 44 19

Criteria for establishing a diagnosis of schizophrenia have been proposed by several different authors. This study compared six different research diagnostic criteria (RDC) in a series of 166 patients who received a clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia in a multicenter study. The alternative criteria differed in the proportion of clinical diagnoses that were confirmed, with the Washington University (Feighner) criteria accepting only 26%. The criteria also disagreed concerning which particular patients qualified for the diagnosis. The Washington University and New York RDC disagreed 50% of the time, and some other disagreement rates were even higher. More evaluative research is needed before arbitrary criteria are permitted to redefine the concept of schizophrenia.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979 Oct
PMID:Comparative evaluation of research diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia. 48 77

We conducted a 30- to 40-year field follow-up of 685 patients with schizophrenia, affective disorders, and nonpsychiatric conditions. Long-term outcome was analyzed in terms of the patients' marital, residential, occupational, and psychiatric status. On the whole, psychiatric patients showed a significantly poorer outcome than the surgical controls. On the basis of long-term outcome, schizophrenia, and affective disorders, selected according to the specified research criteria, were significantly different: schizophrenia definitely showed poorer outcome than affective disorders. However, no significant differences in all four outcome variables were found between mania and depression. We hope that the present data on long-term outcome of the typical cases can be used to compare outcome of other psychiatric disorders, such as undiagnosed psychoses, having mixtures of schizophrenic and affective features. In doing this, we hope to charify our understanding of undiagnosed psychoses and their relationship to schizophrenia and affective disorders.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979 Nov
PMID:Long-term outcome of major psychoses. I. Schizophrenia and affective disorders compared with psychiatrically symptom-free surgical conditions. 49 48

Eighty-five patients with both schizophrenic and affective features at the time of admission to the University of Iowa Psychiatric Hospital between 1934 and 1944 were selected for a 30- to 40-year outcome study. Comparison groups were 200 schizophrenic and 325 affective disorder patients, selected by the Feighner et at criteria, and 160 psychiatric symptom-free surgical patients. We assessed marital, residential, occupational, and psychiatric status to evaluate the outcome of these patients at the time of field follow-up. We used multivariate analysis of covariance to analyze the data by taking admission marital and occupational status into consideration. Patients with schizoaffective disorders had a significantly better outcome than those with schizophrenia, but a significantly poorer outcome than those with affective disorders and surgical conditions. Schizoaffective disorder fell somewhere in between the schizophrenia and mania group. Before final conclusions could be made about the nature of schizoaffective disorders, more research should be done.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979 Nov
PMID:Long-term outcome of major psychoses. II. Schizoaffective disorder compared with schizophrenia, affective disorders, and a surgical control group. 49 49

Bleulerian psychiatry has considered thought disorder to be a pathognomonic symptom of schizophrenia. Evaluation of the Bleulerian perspective has been severely handicapped by the lack of any standard and widely agreed-on definition of thought disorder. Consequently, the conceptualization of thought disorder has tended to be quite diverse, and evaluation of thought disorder has tended to be quite unreliable. This report presents a set of definitions of linguistic and cognitive behaviors frequently observed in patients. These definitions derive from clinical experience, use an empirical approach, and avoid making inferences about underlying processes of thought. They attempt to define the broad range of language, thought, and communication behaviors observed in patients and are not limited to those considered characteristic of schizophrenia. The reliability of these definitions has been assessed using both tape-recorded and live interviews with patients, and it has been found to be quite good for most of the terms defined.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979 Nov
PMID:Thought, language, and communication disorders. I. Clinical assessment, definition of terms, and evaluation of their reliability. 49 51

This investigation evaluates the frequency of various subtypes of thought, language, and communication disorders in 113 patients with diagnoses of mania, depression, and schizophrenia. It indicates that some types of thought disorder considered important occur so infrequently as to be of little diagnostic value, such as neologisms or blocking. The traditional concept of thought disorder, which emphasizes associative loosening, is also of little value, since associative loosening occurs frequently in mania as well as in schizophrenia. This investigation demonstrates that associative loosening can no longer be considered pathognomonic of schizophrenia. On the other hand, an approach that defines various subtypes of thought disorder and uses a concept of negative-vs-positive thought disorder does often permit a distinction between mania and schizophrenia. It is recommended that the practice of referring globally to "thought disorder," as if it were homogeneous, be avoided in the future and instead that the specific subtypes occurring in particular patients be noted in both clinical practice and research.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979 Nov
PMID:Thought, language, and communication disorders. II. Diagnostic significance. 49 52

Through the use of computer analysis, the content of the speech of schizophrenics is shown to be distinct from that of the speech of nonschizophrenic psychiatric patients. The data shed light on qualities that delineate some aspects of "bizarreness" in speech of schizophrenics, provide some insight into the diversity of postulated "defects" in schizophrenic thinking, and provide further understanding of the diagnostic process in schizophrenia.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979 Nov
PMID:Verbal behavior and schizophrenia. The semantic dimension. 49 53

Disordered smooth-pursuit eye movements occur in a high percentage of schizophrenic patients and their first-degree relatives. A Test of the hypothesis that these disorders represent a genetic indicator of schizophrenia was undertaken by testing pursuit eye movements in a sample of monozygotic and dizygotic twins discordant for clinical schizophrenia. Deviant eye tracking is significantly concordant within monozygotic twin pairs, and less so with dizygotic twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia. A genetic interpretation is consistent with these results.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1977 Jul
PMID:Abnormal-pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia. Evidence for a genetic indicator. 56 Jan 79

This article provides an in-depth analysis of hallucinations in monozygous quadruplets concordant for schizophrenia. Since all four are genetically identical, deviations among them with regard to various aspects of hallucinations probably represent the effects that nongenetic factors can produce in hallucinating schizophrenics. Concordance probably represent the effects of genetic factors. We present here findings based on this research strategy, and a brief review of the literature on hallucinations.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1977 Jul
PMID:Quadruplet hallucinations. Phenotypic variations of a schizophrenic genotype. 56 Jan 80


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