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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

First-rank symptoms of schizophrenia, such as thought insertion, thought broadcasting, "made" volition, and delusional perception, were introduced for purposes of diagnosis into a German university clinic. Such "Schneiderian" criteria were evaluated in 210 case records. Ratings employed formal definitions. Of 210 records examined, 69 (33%) of the schizophrenic patients had first-rank symptoms. The frequency of finding such symptoms in a group of schizophrenics is compared to other reports. There are considerable differences in frequency of individual symptoms as well as total number of such symptoms across centers, but the use of precisely agreed on definitions of first-rank symptoms may lead to better agreement.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1977 Jul
PMID:First-rank symptoms of schizophrenia in Schneider-oriented German centers. 32 66

In recent years, many competing concepts of schizophrenia have been described, each with some evidence to support its value. Even more recently, specific evaluation methods and diagnostic criteria have been developed so that each of these concepts can be reliably diagnosed. Because of these advances, it is important for the clinician and investigator working with schizophrenics to recognize the way in which the various concepts are reflected in the several reliable approaches now available for diagnosis and to be able to choose a method of diagnosis that is most likely to be useful. We describe the competing conceptualizations and the related diagnostic approaches that have been developed, and then outline the differences and similarities and advantages and disadvantages of these approaches. An orientation toward using these approaches for diagnosing schizophrenia is suggested that permits employing several approaches simultaneously to provide the greatest chance for determining important relationships among diagnostic, clinical, and research variables.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1977 Oct
PMID:Choosing an approach for diagnosing schizophrenia. 33 2

Present clinical and research methods of differential diagnosis of schizophrenia and affective psychoses rely very heavily on presenting symptoms and signs, especially in acute psychosis. We have reviewed studies bearing on this issue, including studies of the phenomenology of psychotic illness, outcome, family history, response to treatment with lithium carbonate, and cross-national and historical diagnostic comparisons. We conclude that most so-called schizophrenic symptoms, taken alone and in cross section, have remarkably little, if any, demonstrated validity in determining diagnosis, prognosis, or treatment response in psychosis. In the United States, particularly, overreliance on such symptoms alone results in overdiagnosis of schizophrenia and underdiagnosis of affective illnesses, particularly mania. This compromises both clinical treatment and research.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978 Jul
PMID:Diagnosis in schizophrenia and manic-depressive illness: a reassessment of the specificity of 'schizophrenic' symptoms in the light of current research. 35 52

There has never been a single set of criteria for the ascription of disease. The pathoanatomic view ascribed to Virchow and propounded by Thomas Szasz has coexisted with the patient-centered or phenomenologic view for millenia. Schizophrenia, as well as such entities as idiopathic epilepsy and migraine, may be considered a disease because it entails suffering and incapacity, albeit in the absence of any obvious lesion. The Szaszian view of disease neither appreciates the nuances of Virchow's own position nor acknowledges the fluidity of current medical nosology.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979 Feb
PMID:On myths and countermyths: more on Szaszian fallacies. 36 69

The combination of antidepressants and neuroleptics has been widely recommended and commonly used clinically for the schizophrenic patient who becomes depressed. However, the value of the combination for these patients has not been clearly demonstrated. This report presents results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial designed to evaluate the combination of perphenazine and amitriptyline hydrochloride with that of perphenazine alone in the treatment of 35 ambulatory chronic schizophrenic patients in whom depressive symptoms developed. Results showed that the addition of amitriptyline to perphenazine, when compared with perphenazine alone, was more effective in reducing symptoms of depression after four months of treatment, but less effective in reducing thought disorder. The study concludes that the value of adding an antidepressant to the usual neuroleptic in the treatment of secondary depression in schizophrenia should be reviewed.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979 May
PMID:Treatment of secondary depression in schizophrenia. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of amitriptyline added to perphenazine. 37 65

Retaining an individual on psychiatric dispensary lists long after a single psychotic episode can result in unnecessary restriction of his or her social-vocational rights and responsibilities. This study demonstrates that an early clinical differention can be made between exogenous psychoses and progressive schizophrenia. The validity of the clinical differentiation was enhanced by demonstrating that a computer learning and pattern-recognition program was capable of using signs and symptoms recorded in the first psychotic episode to make a differential diagnosis that coincided closely with diagnoses made at a later date by clinicians aware of the subsequent clinical course. This kind of approach to standardized nosologic principles may expand the possibility for more appropriate application of psychotropic medications, psychotherapy, and somatic treatments, as well as more accurate social-vocational prognoses.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979 Jul
PMID:Differentiating exogenous psychiatric illness from schizophrenia. 37 60

It is known that children of schizophrenic parents have an increased risk for becoming schizophrenic, but it has been extremely difficult to determine what features may exist in such children before they become manifestly ill that might provide a key for identifying vulnerability to subsequent disorder. This study was carried out to determine whether certain types of egocentric perception exist in the children of psychotic parents that might represent a clue to vulnerability. Sixty parent-child pairs were investigated as part of the University of Rochester (NY) Child and Family Study, using standardized diagnostic assessment procedures in the parents and several methods for evaluating egocentric perception in their offspring. Results showed that severity of psychotic symptoms in a parent related significantly to the degree of persistent age-inappropriate spatial egocentrism in his or her child. All of several diagnostic approaches used for parent classification were about equally valid in this regard, except for hospital diagnosis of schizophrenia, which did not correlate significantly with offspring egocentricity.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979 Feb
PMID:Egocentrism in children of parents with a history of psychotic disorders. 42 May 41

We typed 45 schizophrenic patients for 35 HLA antigens and compared their frequencies with 1,263 population controls. No significant differences between schizophrenics and controls were found. When the schizophrenics were subtyped, a significant (P less than .05) excess of Aw26 was found among the hebephrenics, compared with the population controls. When the published literature on schizophrenia-HLA associations was surveyed, none of the reported associations were found to be consistent across studies. Some possible explanations for the heterogeneity among studies are discussed and it is concluded that an association between schizophrenia and any of the HLA antigens has not yet been demonstrated.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979 Feb
PMID:HLA antigens and schizophrenia. 42 May 45

L-Methionine had no behavioral effects in normal humans and failed to increase concentrations of S-adenosylmethionine (methyl donor) in human or rat blood, while increasing rat liver levels more than fivefold. Methionine or S-adenosylmethionine in very high doses had almost no effect on methylation of tritiated levodopa in rodent tissues; various "methyl acceptor" molecules, including nicotinamide, guanidineacetic acid, and estradiol similarly had little effect. In rabbit lung, methionine and S-adenosylmethionine not only failed to increase production of dimethyltryptamine, but actually decreased it, possibly due to end-product inhibition by S-adenosylhomocysteine, which also strongly inhibited methylation of dopa in rat. These results fail to support several predictions of the "methylation hypothesis" concerning the pathophysiology and potential treatment of idiopathic psychotic disorders and leave the consistent clinical worsening effects of methionine in schizophrenia unexplained.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979 Mar
PMID:Methylation hypothesis. 42 May 48

This study compares psychiatric evaluations made with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory (MMPI) to evaluations with a standard clinical interview and the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC). The purpose was to generate a nonhospitalized, previously undiagnosed sample of persons who had psychiatric difficulties or symptoms. Of 385 college male volunteers, 56 with scores at least 3 SD above the mean on at least one MMPI scale were chosen as an index group, and 27, with all MMPI scores within normal limits, as a control group. In the index group, 82% met the RDC for at least one diagnosis, whereas only 22% of the control sample met the RDC for any diagnosis. One index subject met the RDC for schizophrenia; 15 met the RDC for a major affective disorder. Some correspondence between specific MMPI profile code types and RDC diagnoses was evident. Thus, researchers can identify a range of psychopathology meeting the RDC by using MMPI screening in a nonhospital setting. Such a research sample, free from the possible artifacts of hospitalization, drug treatment, and diagnostic labeling, can be useful particularly in testing hypotheses concerning the biological correlates of psychopathology.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979 May
PMID:Extreme MMPI scores and the Research Diagnostic Criteria. Screening college men for psychopathology. 43 13


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