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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Within the framework of the vulnerability-stress model of schizophrenia, it is assumed that there is a specific relationship between the factors "expressed emotion" in the family of the patients and "psychophysological activation" of the patients. High expressed emotion would go together with a rise in psychophysiological activation. The aim of this study was to test whether psychophysiological correlates of an emotional family atmosphere could be found in the case of 2 schizophrenic patients in remission and their relatives (parents). The patients and their respective relatives were examined psychophysiologically during a baseline condition (alone), non-verbal interaction, and a discussion of relevant conflict areas. Among other things, three electrodermal parameters were recorded as autonomous measures of activation: SCL, number and amplitudes of nsSCs. The Camberwell Family Interview was used for assignment of EE. In addition, psyhopathological symptoms, reciprocal behavior assessment and agreement in various areas of life with self-assessment scales were recorded for patients and relatives. Despite the effectiveness of the experimental conditions, the EE categories were not reflected in any of the recorded measurements on the psychophysiological level. However, the EE categories were clearly reflected in the psychological parameters. HEE relatives proved to be less in agreement with others within the family, and they tended to be psychopathologically more conspicuous. The mutual behavior assessment for HEE couples was more negative than for LEE couples. The overlapping effects that could be a possible explanation of the psychophysiological findings and the results of the psychological correlates are discussed. Possibilities for improvement and further research strategies are suggested.
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PMID:[Psychophysiologic and psychologic correlates of the emotional family climate in schizophrenic patients and their family]. 890 Dec 80

Gender differences in premorbid adjustment, clinical presentation, and longitudinal course have been considered increasingly in explanatory models of psychotic disorders, such as the schizophrenias. Indeed, findings of a male propensity to poor premorbid adjustment, negative and non-affective symptoms, and poor outcome relative to their female counterparts, has led to suggestions that males are more prone to an early-onset dementia praecox type of schizophrenic disorder. The current study investigated a sample of 38 male and 20 female patients presenting with their first episode of psychosis (broadly defined, but excluding obvious drug-induced disorders) from a defined catchment area population, which had been systematically ascertained without prejudice to diagnostic subtype or illness duration. The study investigated gender, diagnosis and interaction of gender and diagnosis on differences within the three developmental age categories of childhood, early adolescence and late adolescence, to identify where, within these age categories, differences lie. The second part of the study was to investigate the relationship between premorbid adjustment, gender, and psychopathology as measured by the PANSS and SCL-90. General linear modelling revealed that males were reported to have had poorer premorbid adjustment in late adolescence when compared to females, notably in items examining school performance, adaptation to school, social interests and sociosexual development. Males were observed to have higher levels of negative symptoms but not for positive or general symptoms on the PANSS. This finding is independent from the effect of diagnosis or of the interaction effect between gender and diagnosis on premorbid adjustment. There were no gender effects for the self reported global indices on the SCL-90. The results suggest that in comparison with their female counterparts, males who develop a psychotic illness have significantly poorer premorbid adjustment at the late adolescent stage and that this may contribute to higher levels of negative symptoms.
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PMID:Gender differences in premorbid adjustment of patients with first episode psychosis. 1204 52

There is wide evidence for a decreased risk of rheumatoid arthritis in patients with schizophrenia. Nevertheless, very few studies have looked at the risk of schizophrenia in a group of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. We prospectively investigated, with the SCL-90R, 220 consecutive outpatients with rheumatoid arthritis and 196 consecutive outpatients with various medical conditions, half of them suffering from psoriatic arthritis (a medical condition close to rheumatoid arthritis). The SCL-90R appears to be a valuable tool to distinguish patients with schizophrenia from the outpatients of our sample, the former having more "paranoid ideation" (p = 0.004) and more "psychoticism" (p < 0.001) than the latter. The "paranoid ideation" dimension was significantly lower (25% decrease) in the sample of patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared to the combined control group (p = 0.005), ratings under the median value being more frequent in the former group (p = 0.025). Confounding factors might not explain this difference according to the regression logistic analysis performed. As patients with rheumatoid arthritis have a lower score of paranoid ideation than controls in our sample, even after controlling for age, gender and severity of the disease, these data represent further evidence for a decreased risk of schizophrenia in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis.
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PMID:Rheumatoid arthritis and schizophrenia: a negative association at a dimensional level. 1469 49

The present study was designed to create a group of scales from the items on the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) to identify common psychiatric diagnoses. Subjects were 1457 adult psychiatric outpatients who completed the Symptom Checklist-90 and a structured diagnostic interview at the time of their initial evaluation. A combination of rational and empirical test construction methods was used to create the SCL-90 Diagnostic Scales, item sets that identify eight common psychiatric conditions: major depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, antisocial personality disorder, somatization disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and agoraphobia. These specially constructed scales were found to possess good internal reliability. These scales were also shown to differentiate patients positive for each of the eight psychiatric disorders from other psychiatric patients who did not have that disorder. Sensitivities and specificities are reported for each item set. In addition to their utility at the time of initial assessment as an aid in identifying diagnosis, the SCL-90 Diagnostic Scales may have other potential uses, such as in monitoring the symptom course of the patient's disorder or disorders over time.
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PMID:Development of scales to screen for eight common psychiatric disorders. 1568 16

This study compared the anti-aggressiveness effects of the atypical anti-psychotic olanzapine with that of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and benzodiazepines (BZD) among patients with heroin dependence submitted to opioid-agonists substitution treatment. Sixty-seven (67) patients who met the DSM-IV criteria for heroin dependence and showed aggressive personality traits, not affected by comorbid schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, accepted to participate in a 12-week prospective, observational trial. Patients were included into two subgroups in relationship with treatment, for the evaluation of the endpoints at week 12: group 1: substitution treatment in combination with OLA (32 patients); group 2: substitution treatment in combination with fluoxetine/paroxetine and clonazepam (35 patients). Efficacy measures were Buss Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI), Symptoms Check List-90 (SCL 90) anger--hostility scores, incidence rates of aggressive incidents and attacks. The rates of patients who remained in treatment at week 12 in group 1, treated with OLA, and group 2, treated with SSRI and BDZ, were not significantly different (17 = 53.1% vs 16 = 45.7%). BDHI total, direct aggressiveness, verbal aggressiveness scores, SCL 90 aggressiveness scores and aggressive incidents rates showed a significantly more consistent decrease from baseline in group 1 than in group 2 subjects, in the patients who completed the treatment (p < 0.001; p < 0.01; p < 0.05; p < 0.01; p < 0.001). Among the completers, 69.3% achieved early full substance abuse remission, while 30.7% achieved partial substance abuse remission, with no significant difference between 1 and 2 treatment subgroups. Although obtained by an observational--open clinical study, with multiple limitations, our findings suggest that OLA may be useful as an adjunctive agent in reducing aggressive/hostile behaviour in heroin addicted individuals during maintenance substitution treatment. Otherwise, atypical anti-psychotic OLA seems to be unable to improve the outcome in terms of addictive behavior and relapse risk in the addicted patients not affected by overt psychotic disorders.
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PMID:Effects of olanzapine on aggressiveness in heroin dependent patients. 1676 10

Dissociation was one of the roots of the nosopoetic construct "schizophrenia", and a link seems to exist between psychotic and dissociative phenomena. We explored the relationship between dissociation and schizoidia as defined by the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) total score and the schizoidia subscale of the Munich Personality Test (MPT), respectively. The study comprised 43 outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders in remission, 47 outpatients with personality disorders and 42 non-patients. Besides the DES and the MPT, all participants also completed parts of the Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R) and theTrauma Questionnaire (TQ). In the final multivariable logistic model, a set of five variables was identified as the strongest contributors to the occurrence of schizoida. The model included TQ broken home, MPT neuroticism, schizophrenia spectrum and personality disorder diagnoses, and SCL aggressivity; it did not include any dissociation variable. The purported relationship between dissociation and schizoidia could not be confirmed; the existence of schizophrenia-inherent dissociation appears questionable.
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PMID:Schizoidia in schizophrenia spectrum and personality disorders: role of dissociation. 1757 May 34

The aim of present study was to determine the psychiatric symptoms and comorbidities in patients affected by tinnitus. The study sample, between June 2004 and September 2005, consisted of 180 Turkish adults living in Elazig. Ninety consecutive tinnitus patients were enrolled on their first visit to the outpatients clinic. Control subjects were recruited partly from the social surroundings of the authors. All subjects with significant medical and/or psychiatric pathologies, such as schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychosis, dementia, and behavioural disorders with social withdrawal or suicidal risk, were excluded, as were those unwilling to take part in the study. For the psychopathological examination, patients underwent the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID-I, SCID-II). Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Symptom Check list-90 (Revised) (SCL-90-R) were also administered to patients with tinnitus and control subjects. SCL-90-R subscales scores, Beck Anxiety Inventory and Beck Depression Inventory scores were significantly higher in tinnitus patients than in normal control subjects. Twenty-four patients (26.70%) with tinnitus had at least one psychiatric diagnosis. Five control subjects (5.60%) had at least one psychiatric diagnosis. There were significant differences between the two groups (P < 0.001). Anxiety disorders and somatoform disorders were significantly higher in tinnitus patients than in normal control subjects. We conclude that psychiatric symptoms (such as symptoms of anxiety, depression or somatization) among patients with tinnitus should alert clinicians for the presence of a chronic and complex psychiatric condition (Axis-I and Axis-II disorders).
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PMID:Assessment of psychopathological aspects and psychiatric comorbidities in patients affected by tinnitus. 1799 75

The aim of this study is to examine the volumetric differences of the fronto-temporal region in the offspring of schizophrenic patients in comparison to normal. Twenty-six offspring of chronic schizophrenic patients aged between 8 and 15 years and 23 control children were matched with respect to cranial MRI. Chronic schizophrenic patients were reevaluated with SCID-I to confirm their diagnosis. Parents of children in the control group completed SCL-90-R and were evaluated by clinical interview to exclude any psychotic disorder. The diagnoses of psychiatric disorders in all of the children were established by DSM-IV-based clinical interviews with children and parents. They underwent IQ evaluation by WISC-R and evaluated with cranial MRI. Hippocampus, thalamus, amygdala, corpus callosum, frontal, and temporal lobe volumes were measured and compared by using MANCOVA. After covarying whole brain volume, age and gender, statistically significant decrease in the measurements of corpus callosum and hippocampi, and a non-significant trend toward smaller temporal lobes were observed in the high-risk children. The structure of hippocampal formation and corpus callosum were impaired in the children of the schizophrenic patients which suggests a neurodevelopmental abnormality in subjects with genetic high risk for schizophrenia.
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PMID:The volumetric differences of the fronto-temporal region in young offspring of schizophrenic patients. 1971 Oct 26

Despite evidence from case series, the comorbidity of eating disorders with psychosis is less investigated than their comorbidity with anxiety and mood disorders. We investigated the occurrence of symptoms of psychosis in 112 female patients diagnosed with DSM-IV eating disorders (anorexia nervosa=61, bulimia nervosa=51) and 631 high school girls in the same health district as the patients: the items of the SCL-90R symptom dimensions "paranoid ideation" and "psychoticism" were specifically examined. No case of co-morbid schizophrenia was observed among patients. Compared with controls, the patients with anorexia nervosa were more likely to endorse the item "Never feeling close to another person"; the patients with bulimia nervosa were more likely to endorse the item "Feeling others are to blame for your troubles". Both groups of patients were more likely than controls to endorse the item "Idea that something is wrong with your mind". The students who were identified by the EAT and the BITE as being "at risk" for eating disorders were more likely to assign their body a causative role in their problems. Symptoms of psychosis can be observed in patients with eating disorders, but these could be better explained within the psychopathology of the disorders rather than by assuming a link with schizophrenia.
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PMID:Symptoms of psychosis in anorexia and bulimia nervosa. 2002 83

The interplay of psychotic and affective symptoms is a crucial challenge in understanding the pathogenesis of psychosis. In this study, we analyzed the interplay between two subclinical psychosis symptoms dimensions, and one depression symptoms dimension, using longitudinal data from Zurich. The Zurich study started in 1979 with a representative sample of 591 participants who were aged 20/21. Follow-up interviews were conducted at age 23, 28, 30, 35, and 41. The psychiatric symptoms were assessed with a semi-structured interview and the SCL 90-R. In this study, we analyzed three SCL-90-R subscales: the depression symptoms dimension and two distinct symptoms dimensions of subclinical psychosis, one representing a schizophrenia nuclear symptom dimension, the other representing a schizotypal symptoms dimension. Modeling was done with hybrid latent growth models, thereby including simultaneous and cross-lagged effects. The interplay between the two subclinical psychosis symptoms dimensions and the depression symptoms dimension includes several intertwined pathways. The schizotypal symptoms dimension has strong direct effects on the schizophrenia nuclear symptoms dimension, but also on the depression symptoms dimension. The latter has for its part an effect on the schizophrenia nuclear symptoms dimension. The main driving force within the dynamic interplay between depression and psychosis symptoms is a schizotypal symptoms dimension, which represents social and interpersonal deficiencies, ideas of reference, suspiciousness, paranoid ideation, and odd behavior. It does not only directly influence subclinical nuclear schizophrenia symptoms but also the symptoms of depression.
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PMID:Reappraisal of the interplay between psychosis and depression symptoms in the pathogenesis of psychotic syndromes: results from a twenty-year prospective community study. 2062 55


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