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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hospital psychiatry has evolved from long-term "treatment" programs that were primarily custodial to the successful pharmacological treatment of acute psychotic episodes. Unfortunately, many patients still return to the hospital with relapses. This so-called revolving door syndrome draws attention to the critical importance of preventing as well as treating acute episodes. In the first part of this overview, the author reviews the clinical literature on prophylactic treatment of schizophrenia with maintenance antipsychotic drugs. The second part will review the literature on prophylactic treatment of affective disorders with lithium and tricyclics. In the opinion of the author these drugs provide the potential for truly preventive psychiatry.
Am J Psychiatry 1975 Dec
PMID:Overview: maintenance therapy in psychiatry: I. Schizophrenia. 0 Sep 14

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cyclic GMP may derive from central cholinergic neurotransmission. Measurement of CSF cyclic GMP may allow evaluation of possible implications of the dopaminergic hyperactivity in schizophrenia proposed by the dopamine hypothesis. The CSF cyclic GMP levels in 27 drug-free schizophrenic patients was measured and compared to that in 9 psychiatrically-healthy individuals. The mean CSF cyclic GMP level of the schizophrenic patients was 23 per cent lower than that of the control group, but this difference did not attain statistical significance. In addition the CSF cyclic GMP levels in a group of 10 schizophrenic patients were compared before and after 2 months of neuroleptic treatment. The mean level of cyclic GMP rose 50 per cent after treatment with phenothiazines (P less than 0.05). These results could indicate some tendency for decreased activity of central cholinergic neurons in schizophrenia as well as a restored dopaminergic-cholinergic balance after neuroleptic treatment.
Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1976 Dec 21
PMID:Cyclic GMP in the CSF of patients with schizophrenia before and after neuroleptic treatment. 1 48

In this paper I hope to provide the basis for a discussion on logic, logical thinking and creativity in medicine, particularly in psychiatry. By way of illustration we will examine schizophrenia with particular reference to biochemistry, but the discussion will focus on semantic issues and philosophical concepts. These issues are of fundamental importance in the development of psychiatry both as art and craft. Thus the paper deals both with the study of madness and madness itself. The title of the address illustrates some forms of communication which occur in the schizophrenias. It includes references to other ideas, to formal thought disorder and illogical thinking, private puns, vague links, and pointers to other sources and authors, namely, Bleuler (1950), Ernest Jones (1959) and Thouless (1974). These are all contained in a loose framework, wherein reference is made to a key anomaly always found in, but by no means unique to schizophrenia.
Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1978 Dec
PMID:Loose associations: straight and crooked thinking and the group of schizophrenias. 3 52

The amine theory of affective disorder and the dopamine and endorphin theories of schizophrenia are controversial but heuristically valuable concepts that have emerged from the psychobiological revolution of the last decade. That revolution stemmed largely from the development of techniques for localizing and assaying neuroregulators and their receptors in the brain under normal, pathological and experimental conditions. The data thus obtained are reviewed here, and the current status of the emergent psychobiological hypotheses assessed.
Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1979 Dec
PMID:Brain amines and peptides--their relevance to psychiatry. 4 87

Dopamine, glutamic acid decarboxylase (G.A.D.) and choline acetyltransferase (C.A.T.) were measured in four regions of post-mortem brains. 41 patients with the hospital diagnosis of schizophrenia (psychotic group) were compared with a control grout normal in the putamen. G.A.D. activity was significantly reduced in the psychotic group, by about 50% in the nucleus accumbens, amygdala and hippocampus, and by about 30% in the putamen. C.A.T. activity was significantly lower in nucleus accumbens from the psychotic group, but normal in other brain regions. From an assessment of case notes, "schizophrenia" was distinguished from "schizophrenia-like psychosis". The biochemical findings for these subgroups were essentially similar, although C.A.T. activity in nucleus accumbens and hippocampus from the schizophrenic group was significantly lower than in controls. It is of brain are associated with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses, although whether such neurochemical abnormalities are related to the illness or are a consequence of prolonged treatment with neuroleptic drugs remains unclear.
Lancet 1977 Dec 03
PMID:Increased brain dopamine and reduced glutamic acid decarboxylase and choline acetyl transferase activity in schizophrenia and related psychoses. 7 64

Our results seem to indicate the existence of a locus in the major histocompatibity complex (MHC) region, correlated to schizophrenic illness and strictly linked to the loci HL-A and MLR. The associations found between these last loci and the disease can probably be explained by a linkage disequilibrium or a selective pressure between the allelles of the three loci. Our results also indicate that the genetic systems investigated may be useful diagnostically as a genetic marker for schizophrenia. But the real meaning of their relationships to the illness has to be further investigated.
Biol Psychiatry 1976 Dec
PMID:Further studies on the major histocompatibility complex as a genetic marker for schizophrenia. 13

Intraperitoneal injection of FK 33-824 produced apomorphine-like stereotyped behavior in rats. Antagonism of this stereotypy by naloxone and neuroleptics suggests that FK 33-824 can activate opiate and dopamine receptors in the brain. Because increased dopaminergic neuronal activity is thought to be involved in schizophrenia and dopamine-mediated stereotypy has been used as an animal model for this illness, these results are consistent with an involvement of endogenous opiate-like peptides in schizophrenia. This involvement provides a possible mechanism for the reported improvement in schizophrenic psychosis produced by naloxone.
Psychiatry Res 1979 Dec
PMID:Dopamine-mediated behavior produced by the enkephalin analogue FK 33-824. 23 59

A sample of 2,115 persons responded to an article in a popular magazine by taking the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS) and supplying personal information by mail, including data about past treatment, hospitalization, and diagnosis of psychiatric disorders. Subjects falling into certain diagnostic categories were closely matched with controls from the same sample who reported no history, treatment, or diagnosis of disorder. SSS scores were not related to general psychopathology, unipolar depression, schizophrenia, or neurosis, but were found to be elevated in persons reporting a history of manic-depressive or sociopathic spectrum (including alcoholism and drug abuse) disorder.
Psychiatry Res 1979 Dec
PMID:Sensation seeking and psychopathology. 29 53

Before and after a double-blind trial of haloperidol vs. mesoridazine, 24 hospitalized schizophrenics performed visual perception tasks designed to assess function of the cerebral hemispheres. Tasks involved identifying as "same" or "different" two images (either letters, digits, or unfamiliar shapes) projected tachistoscopically to the right or left visual field or to both together. Multivariate analysis of variance related response latency and accuracy to task type, hemisphere stimulated, and pre- vs. posttreatment testing. Both before and after treatment, subjects responded most slowly and least accurately to letter-matching. Bilateral presentation of stimuli resulted in faster and more accurate responses, except on shape-matching. Neuroleptic treatment improved speed and accuracy overall, though not under certain task conditions. Results accorded more with an impairment in verbal processing and interhemispheric coordination than with a specific left-hemispheric deficit in schizophrenia.
Psychiatry Res 1979 Dec
PMID:Hemispheric dysfunction in schizophrenia: assessment by visual perception tasks. 29 60

Schizophrenia is described. It is pointed out that schizophrenia can occur in many different clinical pictures with a variety of psychopathological symptoms. The etiology is unknown; most schools claim today a multifactorial genesis. This is important for the resulting concepts of therapy. Specific facts concerning these questions are reported in further articles following in this journal.
Fortschr Med 1978 Dec 07
PMID:[Schizophrenia]. 36 76


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