Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Certain specificities of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system have been shown to be associated with particular diseases. A review of recent studies in schizophrenia shows inconsistent results for schizophrenia as a whole, although a significant increase in HLA A28 remains on combining the data. There are more consistent findings for disease subtypes. In particular, HLA A9 and HLA CW4 are increased in paranoid schizophrenics, while HLA A1 and the A1-B8 haplotype are increased in nuclear forms. It is postulated that the relationship between the schizophrenias and certain HLA types could be due to an influence of the latter upon neuronal post-synaptic membrane sensitivity to central neurotransmitters such as dopamine.
 ...
PMID:Is schizophrenia an HLA-associated disease? 9 97

The results of two epidemiological studies suggest a hereditary predisposition to develop drug-induced parkinsonism. We investigated human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antigen prevalence rates in patients with neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism. Fifty-two male, white, neuroleptic-treated, chronic in-patients with DSM-III-diagnosed schizophrenia were examined for the presence of parkinsonism. Subjects were tested for 23 type A, 43 type B, 4 type C, and 10 type DR HLA antigens. The group of schizophrenic patients with parkinsonism (n = 29) was compared with the group of schizophrenic patients without parkinsonism (n = 23). There were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to age, duration of neuroleptic exposure, or anticholinergic drug exposure. One HLA antigen, B44, was significantly more prevalent in the group with parkinsonism than in the group without parkinsonism. We derived a relative risk of 7.16 for drug-induced parkinsonism with HLA-B44 present in this group of schizophrenic patients. These data indicate that HLA-B44 may play a role in genetic or immunologic susceptibility to develop drug-induced parkinsonism in white schizophrenic individuals.
 ...
PMID:HLA antigens in drug-induced parkinsonism. 256 91

We found an increased lymphocyte proliferation after stimulation with an antigen "cocktail" in 49 schizophrenic patients and 37 patients suffering from affective psychosis, compared with 45 healthy control subjects. On the basis of this and other findings such as increased numbers of CD3+ and CD4+ cells, an increased ratio of CD4+/CD8+ cells, and a reduced level of suppressor cell activity in schizophrenia and endogenous depression, we investigated the influence of the human leukocyte antigen-Class I (HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C) system on the altered immune function and evaluated the relationship to immune function of a family history of psychiatric disorders. A cluster analysis of cases with regard to the HLA-Class I antigens was first performed in a group of 133 healthy control subjects, and two immunogenetically different clusters were found; then 86 patients (49 schizophrenics, 37 affective psychoses) for whom immune functional data were available were assigned to the two HLA-I clusters that had been determined in the control subjects. Analyses of variance (ANOVAs) showed no differences in immune function between the two clusters. With respect to the cluster assignment and the family history of psychiatric diseases, a two-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in the lymphocyte response to the antigen cocktail, in the number of CD8+ cells, and in one suppressor cell assay. When patients were compared by ANOVA on the basis of family history of psychiatric disorder, patients with a positive family history showed a significantly higher number of CD4+ cells and a higher CD4+/CD8+ ratio. Moreover, certain HLA genes, especially HLA-A1, HLA-B8, HLA-B16, and HLA-C2 seemed to be related to the immune function and/or to the immune function and the family history.
 ...
PMID:Cellular immunity, HLA-class I antigens, and family history of psychiatric disorder in endogenous psychoses. 827 43

Using polymorphisms of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQB1 gene, a case-control study was conducted in a group of patients with schizophrenia (DSM-III, n = 58) and psychiatrically normal controls matched for ethnicity (n = 72), living in the same geographical area. A significant negative association of allele HLA DQB1*0602 with schizophrenia was present among African-Americans (odds ratio 0.19), but could not be detected in Caucasians.
 ...
PMID:A negative association of schizophrenia with an allele of the HLA DQB1 gene among African-Americans. 843 83

Evidence of immune system abnormalities in adult schizophrenia has prompted examination of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system. Childhood onset schizophrenia offers a unique opportunity to test neurodevelopmental hypotheses of schizophrenia, including those which implicate components of the immune system. In the present study, class I and II HLA antigens were typed using sequence-specific primers and the polymerase chain reaction in 28 childhood onset schizophrenics and 51 ethnically matched healthy subjects. Groups were compared for frequencies of HLA antigens reported to be associated with schizophrenia and/or autoimmune disorders. We hypothesized that antigen frequencies would differ between schizophrenic and healthy children, suggesting that some dimension of the neurodevelopmental disturbance experienced by these children may be mediated by subtle abnormalities of immune function. There were no significant differences between schizophrenic and healthy subjects in the frequency of any antigen tested. These findings do not support HLA-associated pathology in childhood onset schizophrenia.
 ...
PMID:HLA antigens in childhood onset schizophrenia. 965 16

The aim of this study was to test previous hypotheses of association between schizophrenia and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) specificities A9 (A23/24), DR4, and allele DQbeta1*0602. Using sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes, 256 familial schizophrenic patients and 261 unrelated controls were genotyped at polymorphisms for HLA-A, DRbeta1, and DQbeta1 loci. No significant (p < 0.05) differences in the allele frequencies between schizophrenics and controls were found, either when examining the sample as a whole or when subdivided by clinical subtype or gender. The present data do not support association between these HLA specificities and schizophrenia, and our review of previous studies suggests that reported associations may well be false positive results.
 ...
PMID:HLA and schizophrenia: refutation of reported associations with A9 (A23/A24), DR4, and DQbeta1*0602. 1040 11

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. The human GABA(B) receptor (GABBR1) maps to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region of chromosome 6. Its function and location in a susceptibility region for schizophrenia, epilepsy, and dyslexia make GABBR1 a candidate gene for neurobehavioral disorders. We report the characterization of GABBR1 gene mutations in 100 chromosomes from a mixed American population. Eleven distinct mutations were found, including two previously reported missense mutations (A20V and G489S) and a previously reported silent 1977 T>C transition. Here, we report four novel silent substitutions (39C>T, 1473T>C, 1476T>C, 1545T>C) and four novel intron variants. These DNA variants may be useful in association and linkage studies of neurobehavioral disorders, and in pharmacogenetic studies of drugs targeting GABBR1.
 ...
PMID:Human GABA(B) receptor 1 gene: eight novel sequence variants. 1129 33

Several Caucasian studies and one Japanese study have observed associations between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I specificities, including A24 (9) and A26 (10) and schizophrenia. Most of those studies were conducted in 1970s and early 1980s, when the typing technique of HLA was not adequately reliable. Also, an operational diagnostic system was not employed in many of the studies. The present study investigated frequencies of HLA-A specificities in schizophrenia patients (ICD-10 and DSM-III-R, n=98) and sex-matched healthy controls (n=392) from population in the southwestern part of Japan. HLA-B and -C specificities were studied in addition. Frequencies of subjects possessing A24 and A26 were not different between the patients and controls (54% and 24% in the patients and 62% and 24% in the controls, respectively). No significant difference was found in frequencies of other class I (A, B, and C) specificities between the patients and the controls. Thus, the present study provided no evidence for an association between the HLA class I specificities, including A24, A26, and others, and schizophrenia in the Japanese population.
 ...
PMID:HLA class I distribution in Japanese patients with schizophrenia. 1184 May 4

Does narcolepsy, a neurological disease, need to be considered when diagnosing major mental illness? Clinicians have reported cases of narcolepsy with prominent hypnagogic hallucinations that were mistakenly diagnosed as schizophrenia. In some bipolar disorder patients with narcolepsy, the HH resulted in their receiving a more severe diagnosis (ie, bipolar disorder with psychotic features or schizoaffective disorder). The role of narcolepsy in psychiatric patients has remained obscure and problematic, and it may be more prevalent than commonly believed. Classical narcolepsy patients display the clinical "tetrad"--cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations, daytime sleep attacks, and sleep paralysis. Over 85% also display the human leukocyte antigen marker DQB1*0602 (subset of DQ6). Since 1998, discoveries in neuroanatomy and neurophysiology have greatly advanced the understanding of narcolepsy, which involves a nearly total loss of the recently discovered orexin/hypocretin (hypocretin) neurons of the hypothalamus, likely by an autoimmune mechanism. Hypocretin neurons normally supply excitatory signals to brainstem nuclei producing norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine, and dopamine, with resultant suppression of sleep. They also project to basal forebrain areas and cortex. A literature review regarding the differential diagnosis of narcolepsy, affective disorder, and schizophrenia is presented. Furthermore, it is now possible to rule out classical narcolepsy in difficult psychiatric cases. Surprisingly, psychotic patients with narcolepsy will likely require stimulants to fully recover. Many conventional antipsychotic drugs would worsen their symptoms and make them appear to become a "chronic psychotic," while in fact they can now be properly diagnosed and treated.
 ...
PMID:Narcolepsy: differential diagnosis or etiology in some cases of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia? 1261 97

Schizophrenia is among the most severe and debilitating of psychiatric disorders and has a complex mode of inheritance. A susceptibility locus has been identified on chromosome 6 and some association studies involving human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes have reported diverse results. The objective of the present study was to determine if there is an association between HLA-DQB1 alleles and schizophrenia in Kuwaiti Arabs. The frequency of HLA-DQB1 alleles was determined in a cohort of 195 Kuwaiti Arabs consisting of 81 schizophrenia patients and 114 ethnically matched healthy controls, using a polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primers method. A total of nine DQB1 alleles were identified in this Kuwaiti cohort. The most prevalent DQB1 alleles in Kuwaiti schizophrenia patients were *0601 (28%), *0201 (23%) and *0501 (16%), respectively. However, no significant difference in the allele frequency was detected between schizophrenia patients and the controls. The DQB1*0602 allele, which has been negatively associated in African-Americans in previous reports, was not detected in the present Kuwaiti schizophrenia patients or controls.
 ...
PMID:Human leukocyte antigen-DQB1 alleles are not associated with schizophrenia in Kuwaiti Arabs. 1514 87


1 2 3 4 Next >>