Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

55 patients with schizophrenia were divided into three groups according to the clinical symptoms: (1) productive schizophrenias, i.e. patients with hallucinations, catatonic excitation and stupor; (2) paranoia and schizophrenia simplex, and (3) non-productive schizophrenias, i.e. patients with schizophrenic defects and hebephrenia. Total cerebral blood flow (CBF) and the rates of cerebral oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose and lactate metabolism were investigated. Patients with productive schizophrenias displayed a significant increase in CBF (to an average of 101.4 ml/100 g min), CMR oxygen (to an average of 6.26 ml/100 g min) and CMR glucose (to an average of 12.11 mg/100 g min), i.e. CBF and CMR oxygen nearly doubled and CMR glucose more than doubled in comparison with normal findings. In patients with paranoia and schizophrenia simplex CBF and oxidative metabolism did not vary much and were within the normal range. Non-productive schizophrenias showed a significant decrease in CBF (to an average of 36.7 ml/100 g min), CMR oxygen (to an average of 2.20 ml/100 g min) and CMR glucose (to an average of 3.86 mg/100 g min) in comparison with both other groups of schizophrenias and the group of healthy young men. The results demonstrated variations in CBF and oxidative metabolism of the brain in patients with distinct types of schizophrenia. It was possible to find a correlation between the mental state of the psychosis on the one hand and CBF and metabolism on the other. The high CBF and metabolic rates of the brain in productive schizophrenias might be due to disturbances in the cerebral metabolism of biogenic amines.
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PMID:Blood flow and oxidative metabolism of the brain in patients with schizophrenia. 123 37

Oxygen free radicals, any chemical moiety containing an oxygen atom with an unpaired electron in the outer orbital shell, are generated during many normal biochemical reactions in living tissue. The unpaired electron makes these compounds highly reactive and they can initiate disruptive peroxidation reactions with various substrates important to the survival of cells such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. A fairly complex defense system has evolved to protect living tissue from free radicals and to minimize the damage they might cause. Neurons are especially vulnerable to free radical attack and impaired defenses or exposure to excess free radicals can lead to neuronal death. Free radicals contribute to neuronal loss in cerebral ischemia and hemorrhage and may be involved in the degeneration of neurons in epilepsy, schizophrenia, tardive dyskinesia, normal aging, Parkinson's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease. The development of drugs that limit or prevent the attack of free radicals on neurons would be an important advance in the treatment of these conditions.
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PMID:Oxygen free radicals and brain dysfunction. 134 20

The ventral mesencephalons of hamster, guinea pig, cat, monkey, and several humans with and without the diagnosis of schizophrenia were analyzed with in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Extensive codistribution of cholecystokinin mRNA and tyrosine hydroxylase [L-tyrosine, tetrahydropteridine: oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.16.2] mRNA was observed in cats and monkeys as well as in all five human subjects with the diagnosis of schizophrenia and in two out of five control brains. Double labeling revealed coexistence of the two markers in cat, monkey, and human. No cholecystokinin mRNA or cholecystokinin peptide was detected in the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area of the hamster or guinea pig, even after acute and chronic neuroleptic treatment.
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PMID:Analysis of expression of cholecystokinin in dopamine cells in the ventral mesencephalon of several species and in humans with schizophrenia. 197 24

3,5,3'-Triiodothyroacetic Acid (Triac) is reputed to suppress pituitary secretion of TSH with minimal metabolic effects. Triac has been used successfully to treat eight patients with thyroid hormone resistance. We gave Triac to a woman with selective pituitary resistance for treatment of hyperthyroidism (patient 1) and to a man with generalized resistance and chronic schizophrenia to determine whether it would improve his schizophrenia (patient 2). Patient 1 was given 0.35-3.5 mg Triac/day; patient 2 was given 0.7-4.2 mg/day. Dosages were increased by 0.7 mg/day every 2 weeks. Serum T3, T4, free T4, TSH, TSH response to TRH, systolic time intervals (STI), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and lipids were monitored bimonthly. In both patients, there was no change in symptoms, weight, lipids, or STI. In patient 1, basal TSH suppressed from 16.3 to 1.5 mU/L; in patient 2, from 2.0 to 0.5 mU/L. The peak TSH response to TRH stimulation decreased from 144 to 12.5 mU/L in patient 1 and from 14.2 to 2.8 mU/L in patient 2. Serum T4 decreased from 160 to 109 nmol/L in patient 1 and from 270 to 192 nmol/L in patient 2. ACE levels were persistently elevated in both patients. Resting energy expenditure, measured by oxygen consumption, was increased by Triac in both patients (12% in patient 1 and 9% in patient 2). Although Triac suppressed TSH and T4 secretion in both patients, it did not reduce peripheral action of thyroid hormone as expressed in STI, resting energy expenditure, and ACE. We conclude that in these two patients with resistance to thyroid hormone, at the doses used to suppress TSH and T4 secretion, the intrinsic peripheral action of Triac offset whatever decrease in thyroid hormone secretion it produced.
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PMID:3,5,3'-triiodothyroacetic acid therapy for thyroid hormone resistance. 275 85

Recent advances in brain imaging have allowed a regional examination of brain function using multiple-probe inert gas studies of cerebral blood flow, positron or single photon tomography. Inert gas blood flow methods using inhalation or injection of 133xenon have been used with multiple-probe systems to measure blood flow in 1 to 2 cm regions of lateral cortex. The sensitivity of these systems to neurophysiological stimuli and neurological diseases have been demonstrated in numerous studies of the normal resting state, memory and learning, motor activity and sensory input, dementia, and aphasia, to name some. Positron tomography utilizes cyclotron-produced, short-lived positron-emitting isotopes to label biologically active radiopharmaceuticals. Using positron tomographs capable of quantitative three-dimensional imaging and appropriate tracer-kinetic models, regional metabolic function, including glucose, oxygen, amino acid metabolism, and receptor-binding can be regionally studied throughout the brain. Clinical studies have been performed in dementia, schizophrenia, affective disorders, resting states, and sensory stimulation. Positron tomography offers potentially the greatest variety of studies and highest temporal and spatial resolution of any of the presently available functional brain-imaging modalities. Its principal drawback is the very high cost. Single photon tomography uses gamma-emitting isotopes such as 123iodine and 133xenon to image regional cerebral blood flow and recently receptor function. Although at present it does not have the variety of studies or the technical capabilities of positron tomography, it does provide three-dimensional studies with 1 to 2 cm resolutions throughout the brain at a considerably lower cost than positron tomography. In the future, magnetic resonance studies of blood flow or phosphorus metabolism may add a fourth modality.
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PMID:Functional brain imaging. 298 79

The study of cultured fibroblasts derived from skin biopsies of patients with inherited neurodegenerative disorders has aided in the elucidation of their pathological basis. This usefulness might be expected to extend to the study of fibroblast characteristics in schizophrenia in view of recent evidence of neurodegenerative changes in the disorder. In this study, the acute growth characteristics and response to toxic oxygen metabolites of fibroblast cell lines derived from skin biopsies of patients with schizophrenia (n = 9) are compared with those derived from psychiatric patients with various diagnoses not associated with a deteriorating course (controls = 11). No significant differences between the cell lines of the two patient groups are found.
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PMID:Cultured skin fibroblasts in schizophrenia: acute growth and susceptibility to damage. 360 18

For the continued availability of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in clinical practice on equal footing with other treatments, and without judicial interference, the following points are essential: ECT should be used or not used on the basis of scientific evidence and not because of public opinion or antipsychiatric propaganda. There should be no hesitation to use ECT in conditions where its omission would mean prolonged suffering, risk of suicide, or death from other causes (deep melancholic syndromes, acute lethal catatonia, psychogenic confusion). ECT should not be used where the effect is short-lived or must be paid at the price of an organic syndrome (schizophrenia, paranoid states, organic confusions). Efficiency should be optimal (oxygen, superficial narcosis, absence of benzodiazepines, generalized tonic-clonic seizures of at least 30-sec duration, maintenance treatment with antidepressive drugs). Safety should be optimal, not only for life but also for cerebral functioning (anesthesiological management, unilateral nondominant stimulation, pulse wave stimuli, appropriate number of treatments, not too closely spaced). The mechanism of action should be the object of further investigation. Such research will open possibilities for finding drugs that can compete with ECT.
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PMID:Use and misuse of electroconvulsive treatment. 402 14

Monoamine oxidase activity (MAO) was determined in platelets in samples from a North-Swedish pedigree with a high frequency of schizophrenia. The MAO assay was performed with phenethylamine as substrate and with two concentrations of oxygen (0.06 and 0.12 mM). A tendency to lowered Vmax and increased apparent Km values was observed among the schizophrenic subjects, although there were no statistically significant differences in apparent Km and Vmax values between schizophrenics and their non-schizophrenic relatives.
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PMID:Platelet monoamine oxidase activity in schizophrenic families - kinetic aspects. 729 31

Disorders in neurotransmission and spontaneous behavior in rats exposed to a high pressure helium-oxygen mixture that shows interesting parallels with the dopaminergic hypothesis of schizophrenia at both the biochemical and the therapeutic responding levels are reviewed. Furthermore, as human subjects exposed to a very high pressure have shown psychotic episodes, we conclude that the pressure-induced disorders in neurotransmission and spontaneous behavior in rats could constitute a valid animal model of schizophreniform psychosis and a useful tool for both the investigation of the biological mechanisms underlying schizophrenia and the development of new antipsychotic drugs.
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PMID:Pressure-induced disorders in neurotransmission and spontaneous behavior in rats: an animal model of psychosis. 790 34

A 39-year-old female with chronic schizophrenia underwent an emergency caesarean section under general anesthesia at her 39th week of gestation. A diagnosis of schizophrenia was made at 28 years of age and since then oral antipsychotic drugs, haloperidol and levomepromazine had been given orally. She had only taken haloperidol 4 mg per day between the 12th week of gestation and the day of surgery. At the 39th week of gestation, she developed a marked excitement which would have caused fetal distress. We decided to terminate her gestation. As the excitement was diagnosed as psychokinesis, we avoided using phenothiazine which might affect fetus and administered haloperidol 5 mg intramuscularly 210 and 30 minutes before emergency caesarean section. Anesthesia was induced with intravenous thiopental 300 mg and suxamethonium 60 mg. Pentazocine 30 mg in combination with nitrous oxide 70% in oxygen was given for the maintenance of anesthesia. During operation blood pressure was 160-180/80-90 mmHg, the heart rate was 90-100 beats.min-1. Hypertension and tachycardia might have been partially due to preoperative haloperidol. The induction-delivery time was 4 minutes 30 seconds. Plasma haloperidol levels were 23.8 ng.ml-1 in maternal venous blood and 8.8 ng.ml-1 in umbilical vein just after the delivery. The Apgar score was 7 at one minute and 8 at five minutes after delivery. The baby developed slight muscle weakness and poor sucking for two days after delivery and this was supposedly due to effect of preoperative haloperidol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Emergency caesarean section for a patient with chronic schizophrenia]. 796 30


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