Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Six cases of acute renal failure (ARF) due to rhabdomyolysis were experienced between 1984 and 1989. Patients' ages ranged from 33 to 92 years old (average ages 61) and all were male. The causes of rhabdomyolysis were as follows: one crush syndrome, one acute arterial occlusion, one diabetic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma and three cases of malignant syndrome due to neuroleptica (mainly haloperidol). Underlying diseases included, one case of abdominal aneurysm, two cases of diabetes mellitus, two cases of schizophrenia and one case of reactive psychosis. Dehydration was considered as an important factor in the onset of rhabdomyolysis and ARF, because it was observed in 4 of the cases in this study. In all cases, the serum levels of potassium, phosphorus and uric acid as well as myoglobin and myogenic enzymes increased markedly. In patients with myoglobinuric ARF, severe metabolic acidosis and hypocalcemia in the oliguric phase and hypercalcemia in the diuretic phase were prominent. Muscle biopsy showed myolytic degeneration in 2 of 4 cases. Five cases were treated with hemodialysis and one case was managed conservatively. All 6 cases had relatively good prognosis. However, 3 cases with malignant syndrome showed outcomes more severe than in the other 3 cases without such syndrome.
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PMID:[Acute renal failure due to rhabdomyolysis--clinical investigation on our 6 cases]. 163 34

Recent advances in brain imaging have allowed a regional examination of brain function using multiple-probe inert gas studies of cerebral blood flow, positron or single photon tomography. Inert gas blood flow methods using inhalation or injection of 133xenon have been used with multiple-probe systems to measure blood flow in 1 to 2 cm regions of lateral cortex. The sensitivity of these systems to neurophysiological stimuli and neurological diseases have been demonstrated in numerous studies of the normal resting state, memory and learning, motor activity and sensory input, dementia, and aphasia, to name some. Positron tomography utilizes cyclotron-produced, short-lived positron-emitting isotopes to label biologically active radiopharmaceuticals. Using positron tomographs capable of quantitative three-dimensional imaging and appropriate tracer-kinetic models, regional metabolic function, including glucose, oxygen, amino acid metabolism, and receptor-binding can be regionally studied throughout the brain. Clinical studies have been performed in dementia, schizophrenia, affective disorders, resting states, and sensory stimulation. Positron tomography offers potentially the greatest variety of studies and highest temporal and spatial resolution of any of the presently available functional brain-imaging modalities. Its principal drawback is the very high cost. Single photon tomography uses gamma-emitting isotopes such as 123iodine and 133xenon to image regional cerebral blood flow and recently receptor function. Although at present it does not have the variety of studies or the technical capabilities of positron tomography, it does provide three-dimensional studies with 1 to 2 cm resolutions throughout the brain at a considerably lower cost than positron tomography. In the future, magnetic resonance studies of blood flow or phosphorus metabolism may add a fourth modality.
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PMID:Functional brain imaging. 298 79

Frontal lobe dysfunction has been linked to negative symptoms of schizophrenia. We used phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) to examine phosphorous metabolism in frontal brain regions in 26 schizophrenic patients compared with 26 sex- and age-matched control subjects. The relative signal intensities of phosphorous metabolites in frontal regions did not differ significantly between schizophrenic patients and control subjects. However, phosphomonoester levels were significantly decreased in frontal regions of 12 schizophrenic patients who had high scores on negative symptom subscales from the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (i.e., emotional withdrawal, motor retardation, and blunted affect) compared with 14 patients with low negative symptom scores on the same subscales and control subjects. The correlations between negative symptoms and phosphorous metabolism in the frontal lobes support the "hypofrontality hypothesis" in schizophrenia.
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PMID:Correlations of phosphomonoesters measured by phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the frontal lobes and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. 770 Oct 36

In vivo 31Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (31P MRSI) was performed on 20 chronic schizophrenic patients and 16 normal controls to determine if there were specific changes in high energy phosphorus and phospholipid metabolism in the frontal lobes of schizophrenic patients. Phosphorous metabolites were assessed in each of the left and right frontal as well as the left and right parietal lobes. Frontal lobe phosphorous metabolites were also correlated with severity of psychiatric symptomatology as assessed by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Schizophrenics demonstrated higher phosphodiesters (PDE) and lower phosphocreatine (PCr) in both the left and right frontal regions compared to controls. There was also lower left frontal inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the schizophrenic group. No group differences were noted in the left or right parietal regions. In addition, right frontal PDE and right frontal PCr were highly correlated with the hostility-suspiciousness and anxiety-depression subscales of the BPRS. This study provides further support for altered frontal lobe phosphorous metabolism in schizophrenia.
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PMID:31phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the frontal and parietal lobes in chronic schizophrenia. 782 12

A number of studies have demonstrated alterations in the structure and function of the frontolimbic system in some schizophrenic patients. Recent in vivo phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the dorsal prefrontal cortex in neuroleptic-naive, first-episode schizophrenic patients and matched controls have shown evidence of alterations in membrane phospholipid and energy metabolism. The membrane alterations observed in the schizophrenic patients are compatible with either premature aging or altered timing and exaggeration of regressive events occurring during normal brain development. These molecular changes may precede onset of clinical symptoms and brain structural changes in schizophrenia and suggest fresh approaches to the pathogenesis and treatment of this illness.
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PMID:31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: neurodevelopment and schizophrenia. 845 12

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS) parameters and left prefrontal volumes in both patients with schizophrenia and healthy subjects. 31P MRS parameters and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) volumetric data were collected in the left prefrontal region in 10 patients with schizophrenia and 10 healthy subjects of comparable age, handedness, sex, educational level, and parental educational level. No correlations were found between any MRS parameter and grey matter volumes in the combined subjects. Phosphomonoester (PME) and grey matter volumes, however, were both correlated negatively with age. PMEs were found to be decreased, and calculated intracellular magnesium ([Mg2+]intra) was found to be increased in the patients with schizophrenia compared with healthy subjects after adjusting for left prefrontal grey and white matter, total brain volume, and age. These findings suggest that cortical grey and white manner volumes are not directly related to PME and [Mg2+]intra abnormalities in schizophrenia patients.
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PMID:Magnetic resonance imaging volumetric and phosphorus 31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements in schizophrenia. 907 5

We investigated the differences among diagnostic types of 36 schizophrenic patients in the brain phosphorus metabolism in the frontal lobe. We performed phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) in the frontal region in patients with schizophrenia of the catatonic (n = 4), disorganized (n = 8), paranoid (n = 10) and undifferentiated (n = 14) types. In the disorganized type, the PME level was significantly decreased compared to those in the other three types, while the phosphodiester (PDE) level tended to be higher, although not significantly, than those in the other types. Using multiple regression analysis, we investigated whether or not the clinical symptoms were correlated with the brain phosphorus metabolism. An increased motor retardation factor score was significantly correlated with decreased PME level, whereas more severe emotional withdrawal and blunted affect were associated with increased PDE level. These results suggest that altered membrane phospholipid metabolism in the frontal region may be associated with negative symptoms and that schizophrenia of the disorganized type is associated with more severe negative symptoms and may present more severe brain abnormalities compared to the other types.
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PMID:Multiple regression analysis of relationship between frontal lobe phosphorus metabolism and clinical symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. 952 3

Quantitative proton MR spectroscopy (MRS) and proton-decoupled phosphorus MRS were applied in the parietal cortex of 13 schizophrenic subjects (11 drug-treated and 2 neuroleptic-naive) and 15 normal control subjects. Significantly increased concentrations of glycerophosphorylcholine (1.18 +/- 0.16 vs. 0.93 +/- 0.14 mmol/kg brain; p < 0.001), glycerophosphoethanolomine (0.70 +/- 0.19 vs. 0.59 +/- 0.07 mmol/kg; p < 0.04), and phosphocreatine (3.73 +/- 0.39 vs. 3.41 +/- 0.13 mmol/kg; p < 0.007), but no differences in N-acetylaspartate, total creatine, or myo-inositol, were determined in treated schizophrenic subjects. Identical abnormalities were found in two neuroleptic-naive patients. These results provide new evidence of disordered cerebral membrane and high energy phosphate metabolism in schizophrenia.
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PMID:Quantitative proton-decoupled 31P MRS of the schizophrenic brain in vivo. 1009 36

Phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((31)P-MRS) has gained much interest in schizophrenia research in recent years since it allows the non-invasive measurement of high-energy phosphates and phospholipids in vivo. However, until now only differences in metabolite concentrations between certain brain areas of schizophrenic patients and healthy controls have been examined. We investigated the influence of gender on the concentrations of different phosphorus compounds. For this purpose, well-defined volumes in the frontal lobe of 32 healthy controls and 51 schizophrenic in-patients were examined with an image selected in vivo spectroscopy (ISIS) sequence on a whole-body scanner at 1.5 T. Healthy females exhibited increased values of inorganic phosphate (P(i)) and decreased values of phosphocreatine (PCr) in comparison to their male counterparts. In schizophrenic patients such gender differences were not present. Thus, the results can be interpreted in the sense that frontal energy demanding processes are enhanced in female compared to male healthy volunteers; schizophrenia seems to reduce these gender differences.
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PMID:Frontal lobe in vivo (31)P-MRS reveals gender differences in healthy controls, not in schizophrenics. 1066 40

The administration of the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) to a drug-naive patient with schizophrenia, untreated with conventional antipsychotic medication, led to a dramatic and sustained clinical improvement in both positive and negative symptoms. This was accompanied by a correction in erythrocyte membranes of abnormalities in both n-3 and n-6 highly unsaturated fatty acids and with reduced neuronal membrane phospholipid turnover, as evidenced by serial 31-phosphorus cerebral magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Using recently developed techniques of image segmentation, subvoxel registration and quantitation, analysis of serial high-resolution 3D cerebral MRI scans showed that, in the year before EPA treatment, cerebral atrophy was taking place and that this atrophy was reversed by six months of EPA treatment. These results demonstrate that EPA can reverse both the phospholipid abnormalities previously described in schizophrenia and cerebral atrophy. They provide strong further evidence in support of the membrane phospholipid model of schizophrenia.
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PMID:Eicosapentaenoic acid treatment in schizophrenia associated with symptom remission, normalisation of blood fatty acids, reduced neuronal membrane phospholipid turnover and structural brain changes. 1075 Feb 63


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