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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The authors measured copper levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of 8 schizophrenic subjects and 6 controls. The schizophrenic subjects had significantly lower CSF copper values than the controls, which is consistent with the hypothesis that there is reduced central activity of copper-dependent enzymes in schizophrenia. These enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, are involved in the synthesis and catabolism of dopamine.
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PMID:CSF copper in schizophrenia. 45 56

The effect of zinc nutriture and metabolism on brain function has been reviewed. Zinc nutriture and its effect on the concentration and metabolism of essential elements (e.g. zinc, copper, manganese, magnesium, sodium, potassium and calcium) and on the concentration and metabolism of toxic elements (e.g. aluminum and lead) are discussed in relationship to brain function. In addition, possible interrelationships between zinc nutriture and metabolism and its effect on a number of diseases including acrodermatitis enteropathica, Pick's disease, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, fifth day fits, and epilepsy are discussed. Descriptions and comparisons of methods to measure brain zinc are presented. Behavioral changes and the altered brain morphology which have been associated with zinc deficiency are reviewed. Some possible mechanisms for the association of anorexia with zinc deficiency are outlined. Perinatal brain damage produced by early zinc deficiency followed by rehabilitation with adequate zinc appears to be long term, maybe permanent. Interrelationships between zinc nutriture and aspects of neurochemistry are outlined. Some of the neurochemistries discussed include nucleic acid and protein synthesis, cytoskeletal proteins, neurotransmitters (e.g. catecholamines, indoleamines, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and neuropeptides), neurotransmitter receptors, 7S nerve growth factor and zinc-binding proteins. Recent evidence linking zinc and neurotransmission is discussed.
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PMID:Zinc and the central nervous system. 330 3

Temporal and regional variations in psychological processes have been associated with three geological factors. They are geochemical profiles, geomagnetic variations, and tectonic stresses. In the geochemical domain, copper, aluminum, zinc, and lithium may influence the incidence of thought disorders such as schizophrenia and senile dementia. These common elements are found in many soils and ground water. Geomagnetic variations have been correlated with enhanced anxiety, sleep disturbances, altered moods, and greater incidences of psychiatric admissions. The effects are usually brief but pervasive. Transient and very local epidemics of bizarre and unusual behaviors are sociological phenomena that sometimes precede increases in earthquake activity within a region; they have been hypothesized to be associated with tectonic strain. Many of the contemporary correlations between geological factors and human behavior are also apparent within historical data. The effects of geophysical and geochemical factors upon human behavior are not artifactual, but they are complex and often not detected by the limited scope of most studies.
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PMID:Geopsychology and geopsychopathology: mental processes and disorders associated with geochemical and geophysical factors. 379 7

A variety of psychiatric symptoms have been described in relation to Wilson's disease, an inherited disorder of copper metabolism. At least four symptom clusters can be identified: affective, behavioural/personality, schizophrenia-like, and cognitive; the first two groups appear to be the commonest. Four cases (three newly reported) are described, and current approaches to the psychiatric management of Wilson's disease discussed.
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PMID:Psychiatric aspects of Wilson's disease. 383 Mar 28

The total content of zinc in the adult human body averages almost 2 g. This is approximately half the total iron content and 10 to 15 times the total body copper. In the brain, zinc is with iron, the most concentrated metal. The highest levels of zinc are found in the hippocampus in synaptic vesicles, boutons, and mossy fibers. Zinc is also found in large concentrations in the choroid layer of the retina which is an extension of the brain. Zinc plays an important role in axonal and synaptic transmission and is necessary for nucleic acid metabolism and brain tubulin growth and phosphorylation. Lack of zinc has been implicated in impaired DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis during brain development. For these reasons, deficiency of zinc during pregnancy and lactation has been shown to be related to many congenital abnormalities of the nervous system in offspring. Furthermore, in children insufficient levels of zinc have been associated with lowered learning ability, apathy, lethargy, and mental retardation. Hyperactive children may be deficient in zinc and vitamin B-6 and have an excess of lead and copper. Alcoholism, schizophrenia, Wilson's disease, and Pick's disease are brain disorders dynamically related to zinc levels. Zinc has been employed with success to treat Wilson's disease, achrodermatitis enteropathica, and specific types of schizophrenia.
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PMID:Zinc, the brain and behavior. 708 16

The hypothesis that excess tissue copper can cause schizophrenia is a relatively old theory that has never been compellingly demonstrated nor convincingly refuted. This article traces the development and abandonment of the copper hypothesis and examines the evidence for and against the etiological involvement of copper in schizophrenia. A plausible mechanism by which copper excesses could result in schizophrenia is presented and evaluated, and various attempts to reconcile the contradictory data are considered.
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PMID:The copper hypothesis of schizophrenia: a review. 717 8

Patients with acute and chronic schizophrenia, on or off treatment with various major tranquillizers, did not show any significant deviation from normal in concentrations of zinc or copper in serum, urine, or gastric fluid, in serum ceruloplasmin or in hair zinc. Although depletion of body zinc and increases in brain copper have been previously associated with severe changes in mentation and personality, there are at present no published, controlled clinical studies which support the hypothesis that administration of exogenous zinc and/or depletion of body copper is useful in the treatment of schizophrenia.
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PMID:Zinc and copper in patients with schizophrenia. 718 62

Free radicals are highly reactive chemical species with an unpaired electron, and their formation is catalyzed by transition metals like iron, copper, and manganese. There have been numerous studies linking free radical damage with neuropsychiatric illnesses, including several psychiatric and motor disorders, raising the possibility that antioxidant strategies might serve a neuroprotective role for some conditions. The illnesses studied include tardive dyskinesia, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Although oxidative mechanisms may play a role in these conditions, further studies are necessary to define their involvement, and to determine the extent to which antioxidants may partially alleviate or prevent some of these conditions.
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PMID:Free radical involvement in neuropsychiatric illnesses. 767 80

A consecutive series of 34 patients with confirmed diagnoses of Wilson's disease (WD) was administered complete neuropsychological examinations upon admission to a university medical center for routine laboratory tests. Twenty-five patients with neurological and/or hepatic symptoms (symptomatics) revealed frequent and severe motor deficits and infrequent and mild cognitive deficits in contrast to nine patients with genetic findings of Wilson's disease but no symptomatic findings (asymptomatics). Somato-sensory tests were normal in all. One of the most intriguing findings was the absence of a significant correlation between the level of copper toxicity and the degree, nature, and frequency of associated neurological deficits in both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Fifty per cent of the present sample received psychiatric treatment, including hospitalization, for schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, and related disorders prior to confirmed diagnosis of WD. The present findings provide additional evidence that patients with the initial presenting psychological symptoms may be easily misdiagnosed and mistreated if the possibilities of Wilson's disease are not ruled out first.
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PMID:Neuropsychological aspects of Wilson's disease. 873 60

The findings of previous research on the status of trace elements in patients with schizophrenia have been controversial. We studied 62 outpatients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia, and compared them with sex- and age-matched healthy controls. Serum copper levels were significantly higher in schizophrenic patients (mean 117.4 microg/dl; S.D. 23.4) than in healthy controls (105.6+/-27.9). Those patients on treatment with depot neuroleptics had higher copper levels. Zinc levels did not differ between patients and healthy controls. Altered levels of trace elements in schizophrenic patients may be a consequence of antipsychotic treatment.
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PMID:Higher levels of serum copper in schizophrenic patients treated with depot neuroleptics. 1078 77


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