Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The Collaborative Neuropsychological Study of Polydrug Users performed extensive neuropsychological assessments on 15 polydrug users 3 weeks after their enrollment in each of eight polydrug demonstration programs. Fifty-six (37%) of these subjects exhibited neuropsychological deficit. This deficit was partially related to increasing age, poor education and premorbid medical risk factors. The deficit was also associated with extensive and intensive use of two classes of drugs: sedatives (sleeping pills and minor tranquilizers) and opiates (heroin and other narcotic drugs). Seventeen (26%) of a comparison group of 66 psychiatric in-patients and day patients also demonstrated age- and education-correlated neuropsychological deficit. For these patients impairment was also related to lifetime experience with antipsychotic drugs and (perhaps) with clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia. Although both polydrug users and psychiatric patients revealed serious psychopathology as measured by the MMPI, the pattern of the neuropsychological test findings suggested that psychopathology alone did not account for impairment. The 3 month follow-up which is in progress should delineate further the time course and enduring features of neuropsychological deficit among polydrug users, and may establish more clearly the relationship of sedative and opiate use to such impairment. Changes in psychopathological status of both polydrug users and psychiatric patients should also help to clarify the influence of this variable on neuropsychological findings.
Drug Alcohol Depend 1977 Mar
PMID:Neuropsychological deficit in polydrug users. A preliminary report of the findings of the collaborative neuropsychological study of polydrug users. 1 18

Dr. Brown traces the history of America's federal mental health program from its beginning in the early 1900s. NIMH, the institute he currently directs, was established in 1946 for the treatment and prevention of mental and emotional illnesses through research,training, and services. It is now one of the institutes of the Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Dr. Brown describes its continuous progress toward providing high-quality mental health care to the entire population, and discusses priorities for the future that include continuation of research on schizophrenia and depression and research that will benefit children and the elderly.
 ...
PMID:The federal mental health program: past, present, and future. 17 35

The historical search for meaningful relationships between alcoholism and schizophrenia is reviewed. The results are considered inconclusive and further lines of research are suggested.
J Stud Alcohol 1975 Jul
PMID:Alcoholism and schizophrenia: the search for perspectives. A review. 24 68

The possible interrelation of schizophrenia and alcoholism was examined by comparing schizophrenic adoptees and their biological relatives with control adoptees and their biological relatives. Neither schizophrenics nor their relatives had higher rates of alcoholism than did controls.
J Stud Alcohol 1977 Sep
PMID:Alcoholism in schizophrenics and their relatives. 91 95

An examination of the primary and secondary diagnoses of 1195 defendants admitted to an urban forensic service was carried out. This indicated that personality disorders dominated the referral patterns from the court. Of those conditions which could produce thought disorders, schizophrenia dominated. An analysis of the prevalence of schizophrenia among defendants charged with homicide in St. Louis revealed a rate of schizophrenia similar to that found in the general population. Organic brain syndromes resulted in a large proportion of assaultive behavior, and these cases also involved a large number of secondary diagnoses. Alcohol and drug abuse were the most common secondary diagnoses. In general, no correlation between psychiatric diagnosis and types of criminal activity was found.
 ...
PMID:Forensic psychiatry: diagnosis and criminal responsibility. 127 Oct 48

One hundred American Indian patients with a Psychoactive Substance Use Disorder (PSUD) were studied with special reference to associated psychiatric disorders. This clinical sample was divided into three groups: PSUD only, PSUD plus an Organic Mental Disorder (OMD), and PSUD plus any other psychiatric disorder. OMD diagnoses included primarily Delirium Tremens and Alcoholic Hallucinosis; cases of Alcohol Amnestic Disorder, Alcohol Dementia, and trauma-induced OMD were also encountered. Other psychiatric disorders included primarily Major Depression and Anxiety Disorder, with smaller numbers of Schizophrenia, Conduct, Sexual, and other Disorders. Demographic and clinical characteristics were compared among these three groups. Those with PSUD+OMD tended to be older, male, and have more DSM-III Axis 3 disorders (American Psychiatric Association 1980) as compared to other patients; those with PSUD+other diagnoses tended to be single and younger. Education and occupational status were not related to the three diagnostic groups. The data were also subjected to MANOVA analysis. Even when corrected for sex, types of substance being abused, Axis 3 health status, and other factors, the three diagnostic groups still bore a significant relationship to age. Those with PSUD+Other psychiatric diagnoses besides OMD tended to be youngest. Those with PSUD-only were intermediate by age, while those with PSUD+OMD tended to be the oldest.
 ...
PMID:Substance use and other psychiatric disorders among 100 American Indian patients. 130 30

Phencyclidine (PCP), a drug inducing schizophrenia-like symptoms in humans, is reported to be a non-competitive antagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of excitatory amino acid receptors. In rats, PCP produces three dose-dependent stages of EEG patterns: 1) increase of cortical desynchronization duration; 2) increase of the amplitude of the high-frequency (20-30 Hz) low-voltage (30-50 microV) cortical background activity; 3) appearance of cortical slow (2-3 Hz) wave-sharp wave complexes. These EEG changes are accompanied by stimulatory-depressive effects such as stereotypy (circling, head weaving) and ataxia. In the present study, the EEG and behavioural effects induced by systemic administration of the NMDA antagonists dizocilpine (MK 801), dextromethorphan (DM), [(+)-alpha-(4-chlorophenyl)-4- [(phenyl)methyl-1-piperidine ethanol] (SL 82.0715), (+)3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP), cis-4-phosphonomethyl-2-piperidine-carboxylic acid (CGS 19755) have been compared to those of PCP in rats. The rank of potency for inducing PCP-like EEG stages 1-3 was as follows: MK 801 > PCP > CGS 19755 > CPP. These drugs also induced PCP-like behavioural effects. On the contrary, DM and SL 82.0715, administered up to the dose of 100 mg/kg IP, failed to induce PCP-like behavioural effects and elicited only the stage 1 of PCP-like EEG. These results strongly suggest the involvement of NMDA neurotransmission in the behavioral and EEG effects of PCP.
 ...
PMID:Different capability of N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists to elicit EEG and behavioural phencyclidine-like effects in rats. 136 27

The association between alcohol and/or drug dependence and major psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia has received increased attention from the professional community. Terms such as "dual diagnosis" used to designate these clinical occurrences have become common, reflecting the interest mentioned. This chapter reviews the prevalence of the association between substance abuse and psychiatric disorder, the nature of the interactions observed, and some of the implications for patient care and health policy. Following this empirical perspective, we present a developmental-humanistic approach that has been used in the psychotherapeutic management of these problems. Our review of information on dual diagnosis suggests that the association between the two processes--substance abuse and psychiatric disorder--is not fortuitous or just the result of environmental conditions. There are complex physiopathological links at the neurobiological level that deserve research attention.
Recent Dev Alcohol 1992
PMID:Dual-diagnosis empirical and developmental-humanistic approaches. 158 9

Genetic studies of alcoholics, their families and controls have given credence to the idea that genetic influences in alcoholism exist, and set the stage for efforts to identify alcoholism-susceptibility genes (Devor and Cloninger, 1989). My purpose is not to review the genetics of alcoholism, but rather to review the genetic approaches that have been successful in identifying the genes responsible for genetic conditions such as muscular dystrophy and cystic fibrosis. In these disorders our current knowledge of the basic biochemical defect was derived directly from the cloning of the gene that is defective in the disorder. The cloned gene provides DNA probes for carrier identification and prenatal diagnosis, while knowledge of the basic defect allows new and direct investigation of potential therapeutic strategies. The genetic approach is much less definitive when it comes to the study of polygenic or multifactorial disorders such as schizophrenia or Alzheimer's disease. In the case of alcoholism the problem is exacerbated not only by environmental factors but also by phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. The lack of a clear inheritance pattern means that plausible modes of inheritance must be invoked and tested on families with multiple affected members. Direct segregation analysis may not be possible and the less informative analysis of sib-pairs may be the method of choice. Ultimately, however, it should be possible to identify and clone those genes that play a major role in determining susceptibility to alcoholism. Once cloned, the protein products can be identified, and study of their function should lead to new understanding of the complex biological processes involved in this disorder.
Alcohol Alcohol Suppl 1991
PMID:Molecular genetic approaches to the study of individual risk in alcoholism. 184 36

Fifty-eight consecutive suicides committed between 1984 and 1987 by adolescents and young adults (age 15-29 years) from an urban community were the subject of retrospective investigations through interviews with survivors and analyses of registers and medical records. Psychoactive substance use disorder in accordance with DSM-III-R was present in 47% of the youth suicides investigated, predominantly as alcohol dependence. Substance use disorder often coexisted with a borderline personality disorder or schizophrenia. Secondary depression was a frequent final factor. Dependence had developed in all females and most males. The median duration of substance use was 9 years. Substance use preceded suicidal behaviour by two years. Exposure to parental substance misuse during childhood, early parental divorce and parasuicide in the family were more frequent among subjects with substance use disorder than among other subjects. The social situation was often characterized by unemployment and legal problems. Previous inpatient care was more common than among other subjects.
Alcohol Alcohol 1990
PMID:Psychoactive substance use disorder in youth suicide. 208 54


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>