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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The reception of German psychiatry by the French psychiatrists has been influenced by material elements, such as the knowledge of the German language and/or the disposability of translations, but even more by factors of a general nature. The main reason has been the perception by the French psychiatrists of the progressive loss of influence of their own school, initially the leading one in the world, in favour of the German, a change which began with Griesinger and became evident at the time of Kraepelin. Around 1850, as demonstrated by many papers written by leading French psychiatrists, the interest both for the theoretical aspects of German psychiatry and for its care system was great. The judgements were extremely positive, although French authors tended to contrast the philosophical outlook of the Germans with their own concrete clinical approach. The war of 1870-71 produced no radical change. But the growing influence of German psychiatry induced negative reactions whose main target was the work of Kraepelin, and especially his synthesis of Dementia praecox which was in direct opposition with the then dominant concepts of Magnan. The French opinion was divided between defenders and adversaries of Kraepelin's ideas. In the years immediately preceding World War I the attacks increased. The alleged contrast between the descriptive clinical (and according to a German author like Jaspers literary and superficial) French psychiatry and the scientific theoretical (and for the most aggressive French authors valueless) German one was a recurrent theme. The nationalistic tone reached on the French side its apex during the war years, some faint traces remaining several years after 1920. But on the whole the influence of the concepts proposed by German speaking authors, not only Kraepelin, but also Bleuler, Kretschmer, Freud among others was then on the increase. After 1945, contrasting with the years after World War I, no hostility against German psychiatry can be detected, as testified by the choice of the main speakers by the French organizers of the First World Congress of Psychiatry in 1950. The creation in 1984 of the Association of European Psychiatrists, an initiative taken jointly by the French and German psychiatrists, can be considered as the symbolic conclusion of the relations between the two national schools.
Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 1992 Sep
PMID:[The history of German psychiatry from the viewpoint of French psychiatrists]. 139 14

The study aims to describe current committal practice in an Irish public psychiatric service and to establish the role of 'dangerousness' in determining practice. A six month retrospective review was undertaken using casenotes and original temporary forms of all patients committed to St Brendan's Hospital, Dublin within a six month period in 1990. A total of 136 cases were examined. In 65% of cases the application for detention was initiated by a spouse or relative. The recommending physician was identified as a General Practitioner in 80% of cases, although most were locum GP's. The number of male and female patients were almost equal. There was a wide age range with the largest group (42%) in the range 26-40 years. Previous contact with the psychiatric service was found in 89% of cases. There was a wide range of diagnoses with the largest category (56%) suffering from schizophrenia. Of those not admitted with alcohol or drug related illness 66% showed evidence of acute psychotic symptoms. Length of admission was relatively short with 84% of patients being discharged within three months. A total of 43% showed evidence of being a danger to themselves or others. Significant differences were found between these patients and the non-dangerous group, the latter being more likely to be older and to suffer from a major psychotic illness. These findings indicate that a committal law based purely on 'dangerousness' criteria would be likely to significantly affect committal practice in Ireland. These findings are discussed in relation to proposed changes in mental health legislation in Ireland.
Ir Med J 1992 Sep
PMID:Committal procedures in Ireland. 139 90

Current and lifetime psychiatric diagnoses were compared in 229 female patients seeking treatment for current episodes of anorexia nervosa (N = 41), bulimia nervosa (N = 98) and mixed anorexia nervosa and Schizophrenia-Lifetime Version, which was modified to include a section for DSM-III-R eating disorders, the Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation, and the Structured Interview for DSM-III Personality Disorders. Seventy-three percent of the anorexia nervosa subjects, 60% of the bulimia nervosa subjects, and 82% of the mixed anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa subjects had a current comorbid Axis I diagnosis. Major depression was the most commonly diagnosed comorbid disorder. Low rates of alcohol and substances abuse disorder were diagnosed, and personality disorder occurred in a minority of the sample. The subjects with mixed disorder manifested a higher lifetime prevalence of kleptomania than either the anorexics or the bulimics. High levels of comorbidity were noted across the eating disorder samples. Mixed disorder subjects manifested the most comorbid psychopathology and especially warrant further study.
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1992 Sep
PMID:Psychiatric comorbidity in treatment-seeking anorexics and bulimics. 140 Jan 11

An untested assumption of malingering research is that persons who feign mental illness will not attempt to fake a particular disorder, but will be content to fabricate non-specific and possibly global psychiatric impairment. We tested the effectiveness of the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS) to detect feigning of three diagnostic groupings: schizophrenia, mood disorders, and PTSD on 45 psychologically knowledgeable correctional residents. We found that the SIRS maintained its powers of discrimination with respect to clinical samples. Similar research on faking specific disorders is needed on the MMPI-2 and other psychological measures.
J Clin Psychol 1992 Sep
PMID:Faking specific disorders: a study of the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS). 140 Nov 50

This review of the literature does seem to reveal an association between schizophrenia and a variety of antisocial behaviors that include violent crime, and even homicide, especially in North America. The literature consistently shows that since the 1950s, schizophrenics have been involved in crime and arrested more frequently than the general population, they are overrepresented in correctional settings, and they represent the majority of those found not guilty by reason of insanity. Many authors cite changes in mental health policies, particularly de-institutionalization, as one of the major causes of these phenomena. It is important to note that a history of prior arrests and of being male, poor, unskilled, uneducated, and unmarried are perhaps the best predictors of antisocial behaviors in the mentally ill and in the general population alike. Schizophrenic drift and increased family pathology in schizophrenic families, however, may predispose people suffering from schizophrenia to these demographic variables. Interestingly, these variables do not seem as relevant in the emergency room or inpatient wards where violence seems to be mainly affected by the severity of psychopathology, substance abuse, neurologic signs, and the environment within the mental health setting. The implications for the practice of psychiatry are diverse. Clearly clinicians in both hospitals and community mental health settings must have experience, training, and an awareness of the literature relating to the prevention, causes, and management of violence. It behooves us in the mental health field, having vociferously supported the community mental health movement, to assist police in the management of the mentally ill who are now in the community, perhaps by the use of mobile crisis intervention teams and by a considerably increased amount of effort and cooperation. Correctional services require urging to develop resources for identifying and tracking the mentally ill so as to be able to provide programs and continuity of care. Community mental health and criminal justice systems need to cooperate in planning the transition of mentally abnormal offenders from prisons into the community and then providing support and after-care for them. One exemplary program that has developed and benefited from the coordination and planning at the interministerial level is the Inter-ministerial Project (IMP) program in Vancouver. This program identified the people whose histories revealed repeated admissions to both correctional and mental health facilities, bouncing between one and the other. Using a case management approach with a limited caseload, clinicians were able to reduce the number of admissions to both types of facilities. This program should serve as a model for other jurisdictions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Psychiatr Clin North Am 1992 Sep
PMID:The forensic psychiatric aspects of schizophrenia. 140 22

Is deviant parental communication an interactional phenomenon? If it is, is this interaction stronger or weaker among parents of schizophrenics (S) than among parents of non-schizophrenic psychiatric controls (NS) and normals (N)? These two questions were investigated by using sequential analysis of parental interaction during Spouse Rorschach. Parents' deviant communication was measured by the self-disqualification (SD) category in the Relationship Control Coding System. Results showed that self-disqualification clearly depended on the quality of the previous parental communication: an SD utterance greatly increased the probability of an SD response from the spouse among S (n = 17), NS (n = 15) and N (n = 14). However, this increased probability was significantly higher among S parents. Furthermore, S parents' communication was significantly less dependent on their own previous communication than NS and N parents' communication was. However, the sheer magnitude of parental SD communication was a significant predictor of offspring diagnosis even when the interaction between the spouses was controlled for. Thus, the results indicate that the high rate of deviant communication among S parents is partly due to individual characteristics of the parents and partly due to reciprocation of the other spouse's deviant communication. The results are discussed with reference to possible gene-environment interaction in both schizophrenia and deviant communication.
Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992 Sep
PMID:Reciprocated self-disqualification among parents of schizophrenics. 141 13

This study explored family factors associated with Expressed Emotion (EE) in families with a member diagnosed with schizophrenia. Drawing on an attributional model of expressed emotion it was predicted that high EE relatives would have less knowledge of the illness and would attribute negative symptoms to the personality, rather than the illness, of the sufferer. Thirty-one caregivers of schizophrenic patients were interviewed. Results indicated that EE status was related to knowledge, coping and causal attributions of negative symptoms. Low EEs, as compared with High EEs, tended to have more knowledge of the illness and to cope better with the patient, and were less likely to attribute the cause of negative symptoms to the sufferer's personality. Support was therefore obtained for the utility of an attributional model in attempting to understand the determinants of levels of EE.
Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1992 Sep
PMID:Attributions of symptomatology: an exploration of family factors associated with expressed emotion. 141 26

The aim was to determine the requirement in Tasmania for long term (greater than 28 days) secure ward beds, and to characterise the patients who use them. There was complete enumeration over an 18 month period. The results included that 3.6 long term secure beds were used per 100,000 general population. Compared to those who were discharged during the survey, those who were not discharged were older, had spent longer in psychiatric hospitals and were more likely to be male and to suffer from schizophrenia. All patients were white Australians. The conclusions included that for planning purposes a minimum of 4.6 long term secure beds was required per 100,000 general population. Also, Aboriginal people and people from non-English speaking backgrounds were not over represented in long term secure care in Tasmania. Finally, "good" and "poor" prognosis groups were identified and further work is required to determine how these can best be managed.
Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1992 Sep
PMID:Long term secure care in Tasmania. 141 27

A questionnaire examining attitudes to patients with eating disorders was completed by 352 medical and nursing staff in a general hospital. Patients with eating disorders were less liked than patients with schizophrenia and were seen as responsible for their illness almost to the same degree as recurrent overdose takers. Factor analysis showed a first factor in which patients with eating disorders were construed as vulnerable to external pressures (from others, the media) while also self-inducing their illness, and this was associated with treatment recommendations for education, urging the patient to take self-control and psychotherapy. The professions differed significantly in attitudes.
Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1992 Sep
PMID:Attitudes of medical professionals towards patients with eating disorders. 141 29

A study of 50 Chinese patients referred to the first lithium clinic in Hong Kong revealed a high prevalence of recurrent mania and rarely unipolar depression. A history of delusions and hallucinations, and re-diagnosis from schizophrenia to manic depressive psychosis, were common. Lithium was prescribed after 3.9 episodes of illness, and at a dosage of 1,191 mg despite a moderate serum level of 0.63 mmol/l. Laboratory monitoring was haphazard, and polypharmacy was common. This might pose unnecessary risks to some patients.
Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1992 Sep
PMID:The first lithium clinic in Hong Kong: a Chinese profile. 141 31


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