Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A study was made of burns patients who were referred for psychiatric problems. There were a total of 69 subjects, divided into three groups. The first group comprised thirty-four cases who attempted suicide by burning themselves--there were more women than men, the majority were less than forty years, and Indians were overrepresented. The majority of these were suffering from schizophrenia or a major depressive disorder. The second group of twenty-three patients were those who had a non-psychotic psychological reaction to their burns. The majority were also less than 40 years of age, and the main reactions were anxiety neurosis or reactive depression. The third group of twelve patients were suffering from delirium. All were pyrexic and in eleven, infective agents were cultured. Some of them also had electrolyte abnormalities and two had respiratory burns.
Ann Acad Med Singap 1992 Sep
PMID:Psychiatric disorders associated with burns. 129 99

It is now well recognized that the hypothalamus is an important site of neuropathology in Parkinson's disease (PD). Lewy bodies, a marker of nerve cell degeneration and a pathological hallmark of PD, have been observed frequently in the hypothalamus of PD patients by Lewy (1923) and other investigators and confirmed by more recent systematic studies by Langston & Forno (1978). Both Lewy and Langston & Forno found a predilection of Lewy body formation in specific hypothalamic nuclei with the tuberomammillary, lateral, and posterior areas containing by far the highest average counts per nucleus. Selective vulnerability of the tuberomammillary, lateral, and posterior hypothalamic cell groups to degeneration has been observed also in aging, postencephalitic Parkinsonism, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia. The susceptibility of these particular nuclei to degenerative changes including Lewy body formation is not presently understood nor are the mechanisms by which Lewy bodies are formed in PD and other CNS disorders. Accumulation of amines, a pathological process which follows degeneration of catecholamine-containing neurons in experimental animals, also occurs most frequently in the lateral and posterior hypothalamic areas. In the present communication we propose that in PD, amine accumulation may be a precursor to Lewy body formation and that the susceptibility of certain hypothalamic areas to Lewy body formation may be related to their propensity to accumulate amines. Furthermore, the frequent co-existence of Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles in the lateral and posterior hypothalamic nuclei suggest that they may share a common pathogenetic etiology. If confirmed, this hypothesis may provide an experimental model by which the formation of Lewy bodies and neurofibrillary tangles may be investigated.
Int J Neurosci 1992 Sep
PMID:Amine accumulation: a possible precursor of Lewy body formation in Parkinson's disease. 130 71

The development of psychiatric nosology is outlined, and five principles responsible for the organization of psychopathologic symptoms into psychiatric disorders are proposed. Within the frame of reference of the nosologic organizing principles, the evolution and dissolution of the unitary concept of schizophrenia are reviewed, and some of the findings in neurobiologic, genetic and psychopharmacologic validation studies are discussed. It is suggested that findings in family genetic studies and in clinical psychopharmacologic investigations are supportive of Leonhard's (1957) contention that systematic and unsystematic schizophrenia are two distinct populations.
Acta Psiquiatr Psicol Am Lat 1992 Sep
PMID:[Nosology, genetics, neurobiology, and psychopharmacology of schizophrenia]. 130 21

Leponex (clozapine) is an atypical neuroleptic indicated in severe schizophrenia, launched in France in December 1991. The safety and efficacy data pertaining to 1,062 patients treated on a compassionate needs basis between May 1989 and December 1991 constitute the first French experience on the drug. The results of an interim analysis pertaining to 602 patients, i.e. available data on 03-15-1992, generally collected on a retrospective basis, by means of a specific questionnaire are reviewed. The population included patients with severe and long-standing schizophrenia i.e. 15.71 +/- 9.3 years, resistant to usual neuroleptic therapy (90.86% of cases), and rarely with a history of intolerance to this class (2.49%). The indication was in the majority of the cases a paranoid schizophrenia (67.2%). The mean maintenance daily dose was 419 mg/d (+/- 152). Overall, with respect to associated drugs, neuroleptics were recorded in 16.4%, another psychotropic drug in 44.7% and symptomatic treatments for extrapyramidal disorders in 21.3% of patients. Of interest is the fact that, for those patients started on Leponex more recently, the drug is more often prescribed on a single basis. Leponex was stopped in 24.3% for the following reasons: adverse events 10.6%, lack of efficacy 6%, non compliance 3.8%, other reasons 3.8%. The adverse event profile is consistent with the literature data, taking into account the fact that certain adverse events were more commonly described: fatigue of lower limbs 11.8%, leucocytosis 19.8% and eosinophilia 4.3%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Encephale 1992 Sep
PMID:[Clozapine (Leponex) in France]. 133 58

Immune mechanisms are thought to be important in a subpopulation of patients with schizophrenia. We examined the specificity of neural antibodies in patients with schizophrenia to identify a possible antigen. Serum antibodies from patients with schizophrenia and control subjects were tested for binding to protein extracts of human neuroblastoma cells by western blot. Protein antigens were characterised by aminoterminal and internal aminoacid sequence analysis. 14 of 32 (44%) otherwise healthy patients with schizophrenia had antibodies to a neuroblastoma protein of molecular weight 60 kDa. By partial sequence analysis, this protein was identified as the 60 kDa human heat-shock protein (hsp) that is the P1 mitochondrial protein, and which is 50% homologous to the mycobacterial 65 kDa hsp. Antigens that crossreact with hsp65 have been implicated in the pathogenesis of adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats and autoimmune diabetes in mice. Of 100 normal subjects or disease controls, antibodies to hsp60 were found in only 8 patients, all of whom had active infectious or inflammatory disease. Our results support the presence of abnormal immune reactivity involving hsp60 in a subset of patients with schizophrenia. The immune response may be related to the pathogenesis of the disease.
Lancet 1992 Sep 05
PMID:Antibodies to the human 60 kDa heat-shock protein in patients with schizophrenia. 135 54

Perceptual asymmetry in a group of schizophrenic subjects who were clinically stable and living in the community was compared with a group of normal control subjects matched for age and sex using a dichotic monitoring task of language processing. Schizophrenic subjects showed reduced target detection and slower reaction times for both left and right ear inputs. In relation to performance asymmetry, the schizophrenic subjects had a reduced speed of responding to left ear items compared to normal controls. Within the schizophrenic group differences in performance emerged according to duration of illness. Shorter duration of illness was associated with poorer target detection overall and comparatively greater magnitude of the normal right ear advantage. The latter was accounted for by a relative augmentation of the normal left ear performance decrement. These results were partly reflected in the reaction time measures. The findings suggest that as illness duration increases there may be a tendency for certain aspects of the information processing abnormality in schizophrenia to normalise, in spite of continued deficits as reflected in prolonged reaction times.
Schizophr Res 1992 Sep
PMID:The effect of illness duration on perceptual asymmetry in schizophrenia. 135 24

Information processing deficits are consistently reported for schizophrenics. The present study evaluated if the longer duration required by schizophrenics to visually recognize a target may qualify, as proposed by previous studies, as a vulnerability and/or trait biological marker. Critical stimulus duration (CSD) was used as the index of initial target registration and recognition. The CSD is the minimal duration, in ms, to meet task criterion, which in the present study was seven consecutive identifications of the target letter 'T' or 'A'. There were 13 normal controls, 11 methadone maintenance experimental controls, 21 chronic schizophrenics and 12 subacute schizophrenics. Analysis of variance revealed that the CSDs of normal controls and subacute schizophrenics were not statistically different (p > 0.05); the CSDs of chronic schizophrenics were not statistically different from methadone controls (p > 0.05), while the chronic schizophrenics and the methadone controls' CSDs were statistically different from the normal controls and the subacute schizophrenics. The results support earlier reports of long target duration required by chronic schizophrenics for feature recognition. Since retarded CSDs were obtained for methadone control but not for acute schizophrenics, the CSD does not qualify as a specificity or a vulnerability index for schizophrenia. A neurophysiological explanation is proposed for the findings.
Schizophr Res 1992 Sep
PMID:Deficits in initial feature registration of schizophrenics and substance abusers. 135 25

We did a meta-analysis on all publications (English and other languages) concerned with platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) in schizophrenia. Essentially, when patients were medicated with a neuroleptic, most studies found that schizophrenics had lower platelet MAO levels than controls. Administration of neuroleptic lowers MAO levels. MAO levels in drug-free schizophrenics were similar to controls. Only a minority of studies found drug-free schizophrenics had decreased platelet MAO levels.
Schizophr Res 1992 Sep
PMID:Platelet monoamine oxidase in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. 135 26

The symptomatic response to standard antipsychotic treatment was assessed over the first 4 weeks of hospitalisation in 39 patients with DSM-III schizophrenia, active phase, using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). While highly significant improvement was noted overall, 36% of patients either did not improve or worsened. Furthermore there was no diminution in the withdrawal-retardation factor of the BPRS. Patients experiencing their first admission to hospital, all with recent-onset illness, were then compared with patients who presented with a recurrence and had illness of at least 3 years duration. Despite similarities in overall response, withdrawal-retardation scores did not diminish in recent-onset patients, in contrast to multiple admissions who demonstrated significant improvement. These findings suggest greater responsiveness of negative symptoms to treatment in patients with longstanding illness, and possibly a poorer prognosis in first admission patients with deficit manifestations.
Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1992 Sep
PMID:Symptomatic response to antipsychotics differs between recent onset and recurrent chronic schizophrenic patients. 135 53

Studies published since 1988 describing the treatment of schizophrenia are reviewed. Antipsychotic agents play a dominant role in treatment, but, except for clozapine, no one drug has been proved more effective than any other. Ineffective medication and medication noncompliance may contribute to apparent treatment resistance. Used in conjunction with drug treatment, supportive psychotherapy that incorporates social skills training appears to be useful. Environmental interventions such as supervised housing and work with families appear to help patients function better in the community and avoid relapse. Trials of new antipsychotic agents and improved understanding of the neurochemistry of schizophrenia offer hope that improved therapies will become available.
Hosp Community Psychiatry 1992 Sep
PMID:Treatment of schizophrenia: current practice and future promise. 135 80


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