Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Loci conferring susceptibility to schizophrenia, coeliac disease, and orofacial clefting have been assigned to the 6p23-p25 region of human chromosome 6. To facilitate the identification of candidate genes we have sublocalized and ordered 39 ESTs assigned to this interval by radiation hybrid mapping. This was achieved by generating PAC contigs containing the ESTs, genetic markers, and random STSs. For full integration into previously published data a single YAC contig spanning 6p23-p25 was used to unambiguously order the PAC contigs and ESTs along the chromosome. The majority of the ESTs (31/39) were positioned in the 6p23-p24 interval at the proximal half of the map, and of these 8 are located within a single PAC clone. The order of known genes in this region is cen-CD83-ZNF40-EDN1-(GCNT2, CAPZB)-TFAP2-BMP6-DSP-tel.
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PMID:Fine mapping of 39 ESTs on human chromosome 6p23-p25. 941 21

Cannabis can induce schizophrenic-like symptoms in healthy individuals. A principal active ingredient of cannabis, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, acts in the brain on a specific receptor, termed the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1). The human gene for CNR1 is mapped to chromosome 6q14-15, and linkage studies have produced evidence for a schizophrenia-susceptibility locus in this region. To explore a possible role for CNR1 in the pathogenesis of schizophrenic disorders, we used an association study to genotype the CNR1 polymorphism for 127 schizophrenic patients and 146 control subjects. The results demonstrate no association between CNR1 genotypes and schizophrenic disorders (P = 0.409), with these negative findings suggesting that, for Chinese populations, the (AAT)n triplet repeat in the promoter region of the CNR1 gene is not directly involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenic disorders.
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PMID:Association study of a cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1) polymorphism and schizophrenia. 1120 52

PURPOSE OF THE PAPER. The purpose of this paper was to examine the general characteristics of Asian%divide;Pacific Islander patients in the Los Angeles County mental ehatlh system. SUMMARY OF METHODS UTILIZED. The patients studied (N=3.324) consisted of all Asian%divide;Pacific Islander patients seen in all county mental health facilites between 1988 and 1989. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS. Asian/Pacific Islander patients had a greater proportion of severe diagnoses than the county patient population in general. The Indochinese patients had the highest prevalence of Major Depression among the Asian patient groups, while Japanese showed the highest rate of schizophrenia. The majority of patients were admitted to the system between 19 and 40 years of age, and chose an Asian language as their primary language. CONCLUSIONS. Based on the findings, there seem to be interracial and interethnic differences in psychiatric diagnosis. The implications of this study include the need for increased cultural sensitivity and community education in the provision of mental health services for these populations. RELEVANCE TO ASIAN PACIFIC ISLANDER AMERICAN POPULATIONS. This study offers data on demographic and clinical characteristics of Asian Americans and Pacific Islander psychiatric patients. KEY WORDS. Asian Americans; Pacific Islanders; mental health; psychiatric patients
Asian Am Pac Isl J Health 1994
PMID:Characteristics of Asian/Pacific Islander Psychiatric Patients in a Public Metnal Health System. 1156 64

Abuse of cannabis is frequent among the young and is suspected to precipitate schizophrenia in vulnerable subjects. Cannabinoid receptor (CB1) is particularly concentrated in dopamine-modulated areas of the nervous system. An association between an AAT polymorphism of the CB1 gene and intravenous drug abuse has been previously reported, but not with schizophrenia. In a French Caucasian population, we compared the distribution of a single-base polymorphism revealed by MspI within the first exon of the CB1 gene in patients with schizophrenia (n = 102) and ethnic- and gender-matched controls (n = 63). No significant difference was seen in the allele or genotype distribution between the whole sample of schizophrenic patients and controls. However, we found a borderline lack of allele g and a significant lack of gg genotype in the non-substance-abusing patients compared to substance-abusing patients, the latter being similar to the controls. These results are the first report of an significant association between CB1 receptor and a subtype of schizophrenia. Studies are needed to confirm and further explore the precise role of the cannabinoid system in schizophrenia.
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PMID:Schizophrenia and the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1): association study using a single-base polymorphism in coding exon 1. 1211 85

Human chromosome Xp11.3-Xp11.23 encompasses the map location for a growing number of diseases with a genetic basis or genetic component. These include several eye disorders, syndromic and nonsyndromic forms of X-linked mental retardation (XLMR), X-linked neuromuscular diseases and susceptibility loci for schizophrenia, type 1 diabetes, and Graves' disease. We have constructed an approximately 2.7-Mb high-resolution physical map extending from DXS8026 to ELK1, corresponding to a genetic distance of approximately 5.5 cM. A combination of chromosome walking and sequence-tagged site (STS)-content mapping resulted in an integrated framework and transcript map, precisely positioning 10 polymorphic microsatellites (one of which is novel), 16 ESTs, and 12 known genes (RP2, PCTK1, UHX1, UBE1, RBM10, ZNF157, SYN1, ARAF1, TIMP1, PFC, ELK1, UXT). The composite map is currently anchored with 89 STSs to give an average resolution of approximately 1 STS every 30 kb. By a combination of EST database searches and in silico detection of UniGene clusters within genomic sequence generated from this template map, we have mapped several novel genes within this interval: a Na+/H+ exchanger (SLC9A7), at least two zincfinger transcription factors (KIAA0215 and Hs.68318), carbohydrate sulfotransferase-7 (CHST7), regucalcin (RGN), inactivation-escape-1 (INE1), the human ortholog of mouse neuronal protein 15.6, and four putative novel genes. Further genomic analysis enabled annotation of the sequence interval with 20 predicted pseudogenes and 21 UniGene clusters of unknown function. The combined PAC/BAC transcript map and YAC scaffold presented here clarifies previously conflicting data for markers and genes within the Xp11.3-Xp11.23 interval and provides a powerful integrated resource for functional characterization of this clonally unstable, yet gene-rich and clinically significant region of proximal Xp.
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PMID:An integrated, functionally annotated gene map of the DXS8026-ELK1 interval on human Xp11.3-Xp11.23: potential hotspot for neurogenetic disorders. 1194 89

To examine the cannabinoid hypothesis for pathogenesis of schizophrenia, we examined two kinds of polymorphisms of the CNR1 gene, which encodes human CB1 receptor, a subclass of central cannabinoid receptors, in schizophrenics and age-matched controls in the Japanese population. Allelic and genotypic distributions of polymorphism 1359G/A at codon 453 in the coding region and AAT triplet repeats in the 3' flanking region in the Japanese population were quite different from those in Caucasians. Although the polymorphism 1359G/A was not associated with schizophrenia, the triplet repeat polymorphism of the CNR1 gene was significantly associated with schizophrenia, especially the hebephrenic subtype (P = 0.0028). Hebephrenic schizophrenia showed significantly increased rate of the 9 repeat allele (P = 0.032, OR = 2.30, 95% CI (1.91-2.69)), and decreased rate of the 17 repeat allele (P = 0.011, OR = 0.208, 95% CI (0.098-0.439)). The present findings indicated that certain alleles or genotypes of the CNR1 gene may confer a susceptibility of schizophrenia, especially of the hebephrenic type.
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PMID:CNR1, central cannabinoid receptor gene, associated with susceptibility to hebephrenic schizophrenia. 1208 70

Cannabis consumption may induce psychotic states in normal individuals, worsen psychotic symptoms of schizophrenic patients, and may facilitate precipitation of schizophrenia in vulnerable individuals. Recent studies provide additional biological and genetic evidence for the cannabinoid hypothesis of schizophrenia. Examinations using [3H]CP-55940 or [3H]SR141716A revealed that the density of CB1 receptors, a central type of cannabinoid receptor, is increased in subregions of the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. Anandamide, an endogenous cannabinoid, is also increased in the CSF in schizophrenia. A genetic study revealed that the CNR1 gene, which encodes CB1 receptors, is associated with schizophrenia, especially the hebephrenic type. Individuals with a 9-repeat allele of an AAT-repeat polymorphism of the gene may have a 2.3-fold higher susceptibility to schizophrenia. Recent findings consistently indicate that hyperactivity of the central cannabinoid system is involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia or the neural mechanisms of negative symptoms.
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PMID:New perspectives in the studies on endocannabinoid and cannabis: cannabinoid receptors and schizophrenia. 1561 77

Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) is a gene disrupted by a (1;11) (q42.1;q14.3) translocation that segregates with major psychiatric disorders in a Scottish family. To investigate how DISC1 confers susceptibility to psychiatric disorders, we previously identified fasciculation and elongation protein zeta-1 and Kendrin as DISC1-interacting molecules in a yeast two-hybrid screen of a human brain complementary DNA library. Here, we have further identified a novel DISC1-interacting protein, termed DISC1-Binding Zinc-finger protein (DBZ), which has a predicted C(2)H(2)-type zinc-finger motif and coiled-coil domains. DBZ was co-immunoprecipitated with DISC1 in lysates of PC12 cells and rat brain tissue. The domain of DISC1 interacting with DBZ was close to the translocation breakpoint in the DISC1 gene. DBZ messenger RNA (mRNA) was expressed in human brains, but not in peripheral tissues. In situ hybridization revealed high expression of DBZ mRNA in the hippocampus, olfactory tubercle, cerebral cortex and striatum in rats. Because this pattern of localization was similar to that of the pituitary adenylate cyclase (PAC(1)) receptor for pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), which has recently been implicated in neuropsychological functions, we examined whether DISC1/DBZ interaction was involved in the PACAP signaling pathway. PACAP upregulated DISC1 expression and markedly reduced the association between DISC1 and DBZ in PC12 cells. A DISC1-binding domain of DBZ reduced the neurite length in PC12 cells after PACAP stimulation and in primary cultured hippocampal neurons. The present results provide some new molecular insights into the mechanisms of neuronal development and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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PMID:A novel DISC1-interacting partner DISC1-Binding Zinc-finger protein: implication in the modulation of DISC1-dependent neurite outgrowth. 1738 5

The brain is a lipid-rich organ containing mostly complex polar phospholipids, sphingolipids, gangliosides and cholesterol. These lipids are involved in the structure and function of cell membranes in the brain. The glycerophospholipids in the brain contain a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) derived from the essential fatty acids, linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid. The main PUFA in the brain are docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, all cis 4,7,10,13,16,19-22:6) derived from the omega 3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid (AA, all cis 5,8,11,14-20:4) and docosatetraenoic acid (all cis 7,10,13,16-22:4), both derived from the omega 6 fatty acid, linoleic acid. Experimental studies in animals have shown that diets lacking omega 3 PUFA lead to substantial disturbances in neural function, which in most circumstances can be restored by the inclusion of omega 3 PUFA in the diet. In the past 10 years there has been an emerging interest in treating neuropsychological disorders (depression and schizophrenia) with omega 3 PUFA. This paper discusses the clinical studies conducted in the area of depression and omega 3 PUFA and the possible mechanisms of action of these PUFA. It is clear from the literature that DHA is involved in a variety of processes in neural cells and that its role is far more complex than simply influencing cell membrane properties.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2007
PMID:Omega 3 fatty acids and the brain: review of studies in depression. 1739 37

Most research investigating schizotypal traits, and linking schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) to later schizophrenia, has used Caucasian samples. The lack of cross-cultural comparisons on SPD trait scales inhibits confidence in generalizing the link between SPD and schizophrenia to non-Caucasian populations. The few studies investigating cross-cultural rates of schizotypal traits in non-clinical samples report mixed findings with respect to cultural variation. This study report rates of schizotypal traits in an ethnically and culturally diverse non-clinical sample (N = 353) in the state of Hawaii using the Schizotypai Personality Disorder Questionnaire-B (SPQ-B). Analyses did not detect significantly elevated rates between ethnic groups on the Cognitive/Perceptual, Disorganized, or Total SPQ Score Scales. Significant differences between Caucasians and Asians, as well as between Caucasians and Mixed Ethnicity on the SPQ-B Interpersonal Scale suggest relatively less shyness and more sociability in the Caucasian group. Generally, findings of no significant differences between ethnic groups on the SPQ-B suggest that rates of schizotypy are similar across ethnic groups in Hawaii.
Pac Health Dialog 2004 Mar
PMID:Schizotypal traits in a non-clinical sample from Hawai'i. 1818 46


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