Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We investigated the antipsychotic and prophylactic effects of acetazolamide (Diamox) on atypical psychosis. Acetazolamide was given to 30 patients: Type I, puberal periodic psychosis, a psychosis whose onset occurs during the period of puberty and which appears repetitively with psychosis-like condition at about the same interval as the menstrual cycle (6 cases); Type II, a) presenile atypical psychosis which initially appears in patients in their 20s or 30s accompanied by manic-depressive cycles and shows acute confusional and dreamy states in the presenile period, incurable cases (7), b) atypical psychosis, in the narrow sense, cases which show acute hallucination, delusion, confusional and dreamy states accompanied by affective symptoms (8 cases); Type III, repetitively the atypical manic and depressive states, and atypical manic-depressive psychosis, and transient changes in consciousness, refractory cases (2); Type IV, atypical schizophrenia, which is considered to be schizophrenia but shows the abnormalities in electroencephalogram and emotional disorders (7 cases). Among these cases, some extent of the therapeutic effects of acetazolamide (500-1,000 mg/day) was obtained in about 70%. The high therapeutic effects were particularly observed in Types I, II and III. It was less effective against atypical schizophrenia. Acetazolamide showed the effectiveness in 10 cases out of 13 cases to which lithium carbonate and carbamazepine were ineffective. The high therapeutic effects of acetazolamide were shown in the cases whose symptoms were aggravated at the interval of the menstrual cycle. No correlation was observed between the electroencephalographic abnormalities and the therapeutic effects. In addition, the prophylactic effects of acetazolamide on the periodic crisis were observed in 9 cases. From these results, acetazolamide was considered to have the antipsychotic and prophylactic effects on atypical psychosis. Since side effects due to acetazolamide were rarely observed, the present drug was considered to have a high safety margin.
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PMID:Antipsychotic and prophylactic effects of acetazolamide (Diamox) on atypical psychosis. 644 84

The use of prolonged-action lithium carbonate preparations (quilonormretard and micalite) in 53 patients with manic-depressive psychosis and schizophrenia has shown that those drugs possess pronounced prophylactic properties. An open, two-stage control examination of 35 patients has demonstrated an advantage of the prolonged-action lithium carbonate preparations over instant-action ones in preventing relapses of affective and schizoaffective psychoses. Peculiarities of the prolonged-action lithium carbonate preparations on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the disease course are discussed.
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PMID:[Comparative characteristics of the preventive properties of short-acting and delayed-action lithium carbonate in endogenous affective psychoses]. 678 85

Investigations were carried out on two groups of patients suffering from cyclophrenia, atypical psychosis and schizophrenia. Both groups as well as a control group consisted of 30 persons each. The first of the psychiatric groups was treated with lithium carbonate and neuroleptics during a period of time ranging from 6 months to 8 years. The second psychiatric group was treated only with neuroleptics. The following parameters were being specified: The level of cortisol, insulin, somatotropin (GH) and lithium in the blood serum and also the glucose level in blood. Furthermore, the influence of lithium carbonate upon cortisol secretion and GH after insulin stimulation was also examined. The results of our work prove that the long-lasting treatment with lithium, when proper doses are carefully chosen, does not cause any significant changes of all the examined parameters.
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PMID:[Endocrinological aspects of long-term lithium therapy]. 701 1

The efficacy of lithium carbonate in the first reported case of a female with mild mental disability who engaged in public and compulsive masturbation is described. The patient was born in 1975, and was 19 years old at first admission. A diagnosis of schizophrenia was initially suspected, therefore the patient was given medication including pimozide, haloperidol, carbamazepine, diazepam and levomepromazine. These medications, however, did not control the symptoms, and the patient showed several side effects, such as incontinence. Only lithium carbonate was efficacious among the medications administered; the patient's abnormal sexual behavior was significantly reduced and no conspicuous side effects were recognized. The mechanisms of lithium carbonate in controlling abnormal sexual behavior are discussed.
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PMID:Efficacy of lithium carbonate on public and compulsive masturbation: a female case with mild mental disability. 947 28

Treatment-resistant schizophrenia is the object of intense interest because of recent developments in its treatment and aetiology. The actual definition of treatment-resistant schizophrenia is, however, still controversial. It should reflect the legitimate and varied needs and perspectives of people with schizophrenia, their family members, mental health care givers, mental health administrators, public health officials, and those who fund the direct and indirect costs of treating schizophrenia. The most common definition of treatment-resistant schizophrenia denotes patients with schizophrenia who, despite at least two adequate trials of classical neuroleptic drugs, have persistent moderate to severe positive, or disorganisation, or negative symptoms together with poor social and work function over a prolonged period of time. This definition reflects the viewpoint of people with this illness, their family members, and mental health care givers. Approximately 30% (range 10-45%) of schizophrenic patients meet these criteria. While this definition is adequate for many purposes, it should be realised that the remaining 70% of schizophrenic patients, whose positive symptoms respond adequately to neuroleptic treatment, may also have clinically significant negative symptoms, poor social and work function, clinically significant cognitive dysfunction, poor quality of life relative to the normal population, and constitute a significant burden to family and society. The lifetime suicide rate in both treatment-resistant and responsive schizophrenic patients is 9-13%, indicating that conventional definitions of neuroleptic response do not convey lower risk of suicide. However, before defining a patient as treatment resistant, it is important to consider whether the patient has received an inadequate duration of treatment, and/or too low, or possibly too high, doses of neuroleptic drugs. Using these stringent criteria, treatment resistance may be present at the time of initial diagnosis and treatment, but if not present initially, it will usually develop subsequently-sometimes not until after multiple acute exacerbations over a period of years. During the first months and years after the diagnosis of schizophrenia has been made, clinicians should be especially alert in identifying a patient as treatment resistant in order to diminish the severe social disability and suicidality which may ensue if it is not recognised and correctly treated. Once present, treatment resistance is usually permanent. However, some treatment-resistant patients may again become responsive to treatment or undergo spontaneous remission of positive symptoms in later life. The treatment of patients with schizophrenia who are treatment resistant is generally much more expensive that that of neuroleptic-responsive patients because their symptomatology and disturbed behaviour leads to more frequent and longer duration hospitalisations. Patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia may manifest one or more of the classical subtypes of schizophrenia which may differ biologically in terms of neurochemistry and structural brain abnormalities, e.g. ventricular enlargement. They usually have poorer premorbid function, an earlier age at onset of positive symptoms, are more likely to be male than female, and may have various quantitative types of cortical or ventricular abnormalities evident with computer tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scans. There are no established qualitative differences in cognitive dysfunction between the two groups of patients with schizophrenia, but cognitive impairment is more severe in treatment-resistant patients. Treatment-resistant schizophrenia does not usually respond to increased dosages of neuroleptic drugs, switching to other types of neuroleptics, or adding adjunctive agents such as benzodiazepines, antidepressants, anticonvulsants or lithium carbonate. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
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PMID:Treatment-resistant schizophrenia--the role of clozapine. 952 89

Olanzapine is a novel antipsychotic effective in reducing positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and with a safe side-effect profile. Premarketing trials, however, included only a few elderly patients. Further data are needed regarding the effects of olanzapine in the elderly and those with comorbid medical illness. In this pilot study, 11 hospitalized patients (age range 60-85 years) who manifested symptoms of psychosis related to schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders were treated with olanzapine (dose range, 5-20 mg/day). Efficacy and safety were assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI), Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Calgary Depression Scale For Schizophrenia (CDSS), EKG, physical examination, and various laboratory tests. Seven patients responded to treatment and all of them showed improvement in both positive and negative symptoms, with greater reduction in positive symptoms. Treatment was discontinued in 2 patients whose symptoms showed no improvement or worsened. The CGI showed significant improvement in 9 patients, remained the same in 1, and worsened in 1 patient. ESRS showed significant reduction from baseline to final visit. Of the 10 patients who cooperated for MMSE, 9 had improved scores. The CDSS showed significant reduction in scores from baseline to final visit. No significant changes were noted in laboratory tests, prolactin levels, EKG, and physical examination. Concomitant administration of lorazepam, carbamazepine, divalproex sodium, and lithium carbonate caused no adverse consequences. The reduction of positive and negative symptoms, lack of significant extrapyramidal symptoms and other side effects, and lack of any significant drug interaction suggest that olanzapine may be a safe and effective antipsychotic medication in the elderly.
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PMID:Efficacy and tolerability of olanzapine in elderly patients with psychotic disorders: a prospective study. 1079 21

A 63-year-old African-American woman was admitted to the hospital with urosepsis and altered mental status. She had a history of schizophrenia and was treated with olanzapine 5 mg/day and lithium carbonate 300 mg 3 times/day. During her hospital stay, her sodium level and serum osmolality increased and her urine osmolality decreased, whereas her lithium levels remained within normal limits. Based on these findings, the patient was diagnosed with diabetes insipidus secondary to lithium therapy and was treated successfully with amiloride. Clinicians have been aware of lithium toxicity for many years and traditionally have administered thiazide diuretics for lithium-induced polyuria and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Recently, amiloride, a potassium-sparing diuretic, has been reported as a successful treatment for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
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PMID:Treatment of lithium-induced diabetes insipidus with amiloride. 1268 Apr 86

Clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic, is the most effective medication for treatment-resistant schizophrenia, but its use is limited by the high risk of neutropenia and agranulocytosis. In children, the rate of clozapine-induced neutropenia is even higher than in adults. We report two cases of children 7- and 12-years old diagnosed with very early onset schizophrenia, who developed neutropenia when treated with clozapine. In both cases addition of lithium carbonate elevated the white blood count (WBC) allowing clozapine rechallenge. WBC and total neutrophil count remained stable long-term with coadministration of clozapine (400-425 mg per day) and lithium with the blood level of 0.8-1.1 microg/mL. This report supports the use of adjunct lithium for clozapine-induced neutropenia as a safe and successful strategy in children.
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PMID:Clozapine-induced neutropenia in children: management with lithium carbonate. 1464 24

The prepulse inhibition of the startle response provides an operational measure of sensorimotor gating in which a weak stimulus presented prior to a startling stimulus reduces the startle response. Prepulse inhibition deficits were observed in patients with several neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and acute manic bipolar patients. Valproic acid, carbamazepine and lithium carbonate are frequently used as mood stabilizers in patients with bipolar affective disorder and schizophrenia. However, little is known about the mechanisms of action of mood stabilizers on prepulse inhibition deficits. In this study, we investigated the effects of mood stabilizers on the disruption of prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response induced by either apomorphine or dizocilpine in mice. Valproate (30-300 mg/kg, i.p.), carbamazepine (3-30 mg/kg, i.p.) and lithium carbonate (10-100 mg/kg, p.o.) had any effect on prepulse inhibition by itself. Valproate, carbamazepine and lithium carbonate reversed the disruption of prepulse inhibition induced by apomorphine (1 mg/kg, s.c.). Although valproate and carbamazepine had no effect on the disruption of prepulse inhibition induced by dizocilpine (0.3 mg/kg, s.c.), lithium carbonate exacerbated the dizocilpine-induced disruption. These results suggest that valproate, carbamazepine and lithium carbonate reverse the disruption of prepulse inhibition through the dopaminergic system.
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PMID:Effects of mood stabilizers on the disruption of prepulse inhibition induced by apomorphine or dizocilpine in mice. 1707 May 17

The aim of the present study was to develop recommendations for antenatal care and monitoring for women with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia who are on lithium carbonate, antipsychotic or anti-epileptic medication during pregnancy. A literature search and review of original research, published reviews and guidelines was undertaken for mood stabilizers and antipsychotics in pregnancy and for the management of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia in pregnancy. This information was summarized, condensed and then reviewed by representatives of psychiatry, pharmacy, paediatrics and obstetrics to produce an information booklet and subsequently monitoring recommendations and tables. A model of antenatal monitoring and care for women with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and related disorders who are maintained on psychotropic medication was developed. This included an online and published booklet for clinicians summarizing psychotropic medication in pregnancy, and lactation and monitoring tables that could be part of patient case files. These were to assist in reminding and educating staff on the need for additional monitoring and assessment above standard antenatal care for women on mood stabilizers and antipsychotic medication. Women with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia have an increased risk of complications in pregnancy from their illness and from the medications they are prescribed. A summary of the risks and a model of suggested additional monitoring during pregnancy have been developed in consultation across a number of clinical disciplines.
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PMID:Management of antipsychotic and mood stabilizer medication in pregnancy: recommendations for antenatal care. 2011 98


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