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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The cerebral glucose metabolism of eight patients with schizophrenia and an olfactory agnosia was compared with that of eight normosmic patients with schizophrenia and eight normal controls. Since all patients were scanned while on their current medication regimen, the duration and dosage of the medication of the two patient groups were compared. Similarly, duration and dosage were correlated with absolute regional metabolic rates. No significant effects were found in these analyses. The patients with schizophrenia had significantly lower rates of frontal metabolism than the normal controls. However, the patients with schizophrenia and an olfactory agnosia had a lower right basal ganglia and thalamic metabolism than the normosmic patients with schizophrenia.
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PMID:Regional metabolism in microsmic patients with schizophrenia. 168 50

Regional brain glucose metabolism in 20 patients with schizophrenia (DSM-III) was investigated by positron emission tomography (PET) with uniformly labeled 11C-glucose as the tracer. Monoamine metabolites were analyzed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum, and prolactin was analyzed in serum. Intensity of anxiety was rated directly after the PET study. Ten healthy volunteers served as controls. In the patients, weak positive and negative relationships were found between homovanillic acid in CSF and prolactin in serum, respectively, and regional metabolic rates. In all subjects, positive correlations were found between the level of anxiety and the regional glucose metabolism. In the controls, positive correlations were found between anxiety and the frontal/parietal ratios of the left hemisphere, whereas anxiety scores of the patients correlated negatively to relative metabolic rates of the right medial frontal cortex and the left thalamus. These observations may indicate alterations in the neuronal systems participating in the initiation of anxiety and arousal in schizophrenia.
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PMID:Regional brain glucose metabolism: correlations to biochemical measures and anxiety in patients with schizophrenia. 172 39

The authors present their experience with a number of drugs which are not antiepileptics nor antipsychotic drugs but influence the cholinergic and noradrenergic system and glucose and protein metabolism of neurons. Their efficiency in severe epileptics with psychic changes is about 60%. Standard epileptic treatment, mono- and polytherapy, failed completely in these patients. To the authors' "modulating" and "nootropic" therapy applies the same what applies to stereotactic treatment of epilepsy, i.e. that treatment must be started before the epileptic or psychotic process becomes chronic. Epileptogenesis is divided into the following stages: 1. insulation of the brain and development of a lesion (trauma, asphyxia, infection), 2. A. latency, an epileptic focus develops in the lesion, 2. B. latency, secondary and tertiary epileptic foci develop, in particular in the corpus amygdaloideum, hippocampus and fronto-orbital area and from there frequently also psychic changes arise, 2. C. the focus acts also on the thalamo-cortical reverbation circle and gradually "teaches" it epileptic discharges which sometimes can be followed on the EEG, although this stage is still in the latent period, i.e. clinically inapparent. 2. D. modulating structures of the stem fail, REM, i.e. paradox sleep, diminishes. Because these stages resemble those in the development of some psychoses, the psychogenesis of this epileptogenesis is similar; in schizophrenia the deepest stage of NONREM sleep declines. In this stage of epilepsy the inhibitory protective influence of noradrenergic, serotoninergic and dopaminergic (?) systems disappears. The 3rd stage is manifestation of clinical attacks or psychotic behaviour which may be enhanced by some provocation, e.g. alcohol, sleep deprivation, psychic stress, which influence emotivity and the sleep profile. With regard to these stages (insulation, latency, manifestation) treatment should be provided. In the 1st and 2nd stage "nootropic and modulating" treatment should be administered to a greater extent.
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PMID:[Nonstandard therapy of epileptics and psychotics]. 182 17

There are two types of imaging instruments, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) that use radiopharmaceuticals for the diagnosis of brain disorders. Brain perfusion imaging agents, labeled either with 123I or 99mTc, are useful in detecting various cerebral vascular abnormalities, such as stroke and transient ischemia with SPECT. The management of other neurological disorders (i.e., in Alzheimer's, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and head trauma patients) may also be benefitted by these agents. The exact trapping mechanisms and their relationships with potential clinical applications still remain to be elucidated. Imaging studies using 18F fluorodeoxyglucose with PET is currently the most promising diagnostic tool for the evaluation of local glucose metabolism related to various disease states, such as Alzheimer's disease, brain tumor, and epilepsy. In the past few years significant progress has been made in the design and characterization of new CNS neuronal and postsynaptic receptor imaging agents for PET and SPECT. The new diagnostic agents are aimed at measurements of localization and changes of neuronal function. It is likely that these types of agents have potential for clinical application, especially in the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders that do not involve morphological changes.
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PMID:Overview of radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis of central nervous disorders. 193 Jun 79

Positron-emission tomography (PET), a noninvasive analytical method, made possible the detection of regional alterations in the central nervous system, thus demonstrating "in vivo" the presence of biochemical alterations and the organization of cerebral function in the pathological states. The study of glucose cerebral metabolism velocity, performed recently with the aid of PET, reveals that in the patients with thymic disorders the values recorded for the bipolar syndromes differ from those recorded the for unipolar ones. At the same time, the direct measurement of the activity of the neuroanatomic structures involved in schizophrenia and their response to neuroleptics was possible. This technique and the F-fluoro-desixiglucose method were also applied to the patients with Alzheimer's disease, multi-infarct dementia, Huntington's disease. Wilson's disease and Parkinson's disease. Suggestive alterations of glucose metabolism velocity were noticed and the neuroanatomic structures involved in the pathological manifestations could be specified.
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PMID:[The use of positron-emission tomography in psychiatry]. 198 25

Neuroimaging studies of schizophrenia have identified abnormalities in neuroanatomy, regional brain metabolism and receptor physiology. Computerized tomographic (CT) studies have demonstrated gross ventricular and sulcal enlargement. These findings are probably nonprogressive, and it is not yet clear whether they are present only in a subgroup of patients; whether they represent a reduction in tissue from a previously normal condition or an abnormality in brain development; and what relationship they have to genetic risk for schizophrenia, clinical features, or longterm prognosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies, which offer higher resolution and greater flexibility in imaging plane, are currently focussing on specific neuroanatomic sites, such as the limbic system, basal ganglia and frontal cortex, implicated by neuropathological or clinical studies in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Positron emission tomographic (PET) scanning now enables investigators to study brain metabolism and receptor physiology. Evidence to date suggests that there may be significant abnormalities in the pattern of cerebral glucose utilization as well as in the density of dopamine receptors in patients with schizophrenia. Much future work is needed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of these observations as well as the extent to which they are affected by changes in clinical state, attention and medication exposure.
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PMID:Neuroimaging studies of schizophrenia. 203 61

This study explored the relationship between rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and schizophrenia using positron emission tomography. Glucose use was compared between 49 schizophrenics, 30 awake controls and 12 controls in REM sleep. Assessment of the frequency and locations of brain areas showing significant differences suggested that REM did not resemble schizophrenia. Schizophrenics were between the higher awake controls and lower REM controls in corpus callosum glucose use. Hallucinating schizophrenics showed lower left caudate glucose use.
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PMID:Explorations in the relationship of dream sleep to schizophrenia using positron emission tomography. 209 66

Local cerebral uptake of glucose labelled with fluorine-18 was measured by positron emission tomography in 13 patients with schizophrenia and 37 right-handed volunteers. Patients received no medication for a minimum of 31 days and a mean of 30 weeks. The subjects were administered the labelled deoxyglucose just after the beginning of a 32-minute sequence of blurred numbers as visual stimuli for the Continuous Performance Test. In normal controls, task performance was associated with increases in glucose metabolic rate in the right frontal and right temporoparietal regions; occipital rates were unchanged. Patients with schizophrenia showed both absolutely and relatively reduced metabolic rates in the frontal cortex and in the temporoparietal regions compared with normal controls.
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PMID:Glucose metabolic rate in normals and schizophrenics during the Continuous Performance Test assessed by positron emission tomography. 231 26

Regional glucose metabolic rates were measured in affectively disordered patients during the performance of auditory discrimination. Those regions previously observed as abnormal in schizophrenia were examined to see if similar alterations might be associated with affective disorder. The abnormalities observed in the mid-prefrontal cortex, an area that appears to be an important biologic determinant of the sustained attention required of subjects in this task, are similar to those previously observed in schizophrenia. Moreover, the abnormalities do not appear to relate directly to symptomatology or the subject's performance. The authors discuss the possibility that this abnormality may reflect dysfunction in the integrating component of the attention network critical for the maintenance of goal-directed behavior and thus represent a psychosis vulnerability factor in some patients.
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PMID:Evidence for common alterations in cerebral glucose metabolism in major affective disorders and schizophrenia. 261 Aug 21

Temporal lobe glucose metabolic rate was assessed in 21 off-medication patients with schizophrenia and 19 normal controls by positron emission tomography with 18F-deoxyglucose. Patients with schizophrenia had significantly greater metabolic activity in the left than the right anterior temporal lobe, and the extent of this lateralization was in proportion to the severity of psychopathology.
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PMID:Increased temporal lobe glucose use in chronic schizophrenic patients. 278 20


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