Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The glucose, lactate, and pyruvate levels, the lactate/pyruvate ratio and pH were studied in serum and CSF of patients with schizophrenia, reactive psychosis, symptomatic or circular psychosis under the effect of atropine coma, ES and pentetrazole convulsions, tranquilizer treatment and combined therapy. Convulsive therapy caused a disorder in cerebral carbohydrate metabolism while no similar changes were induced by atropine coma. Anaerobic carbohydrate metabolism was stimulated by combined therapy. This treatment had the best effect and the changes caused by it were slighter than in the case of convulsive therapy. The changes in EEG frequency corresponded to the biochemical changes.
 ...
PMID:Biological studies on the effects of some therapeutic procedures used in psychiatry. 1

55 patients with schizophrenia were divided into three groups according to the clinical symptoms: (1) productive schizophrenias, i.e. patients with hallucinations, catatonic excitation and stupor; (2) paranoia and schizophrenia simplex, and (3) non-productive schizophrenias, i.e. patients with schizophrenic defects and hebephrenia. Total cerebral blood flow (CBF) and the rates of cerebral oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose and lactate metabolism were investigated. Patients with productive schizophrenias displayed a significant increase in CBF (to an average of 101.4 ml/100 g min), CMR oxygen (to an average of 6.26 ml/100 g min) and CMR glucose (to an average of 12.11 mg/100 g min), i.e. CBF and CMR oxygen nearly doubled and CMR glucose more than doubled in comparison with normal findings. In patients with paranoia and schizophrenia simplex CBF and oxidative metabolism did not vary much and were within the normal range. Non-productive schizophrenias showed a significant decrease in CBF (to an average of 36.7 ml/100 g min), CMR oxygen (to an average of 2.20 ml/100 g min) and CMR glucose (to an average of 3.86 mg/100 g min) in comparison with both other groups of schizophrenias and the group of healthy young men. The results demonstrated variations in CBF and oxidative metabolism of the brain in patients with distinct types of schizophrenia. It was possible to find a correlation between the mental state of the psychosis on the one hand and CBF and metabolism on the other. The high CBF and metabolic rates of the brain in productive schizophrenias might be due to disturbances in the cerebral metabolism of biogenic amines.
 ...
PMID:Blood flow and oxidative metabolism of the brain in patients with schizophrenia. 123 37

In this study, 7 hospitalized patients with major depression (MD), 5 hospitalized patients with schizophrenia (S), and 13 control subjects (C) were administered 0.15 units/kg of regular insulin at 1600 h by intravenous bolus infusion. ACTH, cortisol, and glucose levels were measured intermittently for 2h following infusion. Baseline ACTH, cortisol and glucose levels were similar in Cs, MDs, and Ss. The mean glucose nadir was equivalent for Cs, patients with MD, and patients with S. Patients with MD had a blunted ACTH response (F = 3.28; df = 12,126; p = .0004) and cortisol response (F = 4.20; df = 12,132; p = .0001) to hypoglycemia when compared to Cs and patients with S. Carroll Depression Rating Scale scores in patients with S (23 +/- 10) were similar to patients with MD (30 +/- 8) and significantly higher than in controls (1 +/- 2) (F = 55.2; df = 2.22; p = .0001). These findings suggest that patients with MD show different ACTH and cortisol responses to hypoglycemic stress which are not explained by negative feedback of baseline ACTH or cortisol, glucose nadir, or the number of depressive symptoms per se.
 ...
PMID:Blunted ACTH response to hypoglycemic stress in depressed patients but not in patients with schizophrenia. 131 84

We scanned 18 patients with schizophrenia who had never received neuroleptic medication and 20 age- and sex-matched controls by positron emission tomography with 18-F-fluorodeoxyglucose (fludeoxyglucose F 18) as a tracer of glucose metabolism. Subjects performed the Continuous Performance Test during 18-F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake. Scan results were converted to metabolic rates, and computer algorithms were used to identify cortical regions. Previous reports of relative hypofrontality in schizophrenia were confirmed, indicating that this finding is not an artifact of previous treatment. Significantly reduced ratios of inferior and medial frontal regions to occipital cortex were found, together with diminished metabolism in the basal ganglia. This suggests the presence of a combined frontostriatal dysfunction in schizophrenia.
 ...
PMID:Frontostriatal disorder of cerebral metabolism in never-medicated schizophrenics. 136 Jan 98

Frontal lobe dysfunction is widely suspected to underlie negative symptoms of schizophrenia. This hypothesis is based largely on long-standing observations of the similarities between the effects of frontal lobe lesions and negative symptoms. However, there is little direct evidence specifically for such an association in schizophrenic patients. We measured the relationship between decreased relative prefrontal cortex glucose metabolism (hypofrontality) using positron emission tomography and evaluated the severity of negative symptoms in 20 chronic schizophrenics who underwent scanning while not receiving neuroleptic drugs. We found a close relationship between negative symptoms and prefrontal hypometabolism, particularly in the right dorsolateral convexity. This association was regionally specific. Furthermore, there was no evidence that this relationship was an artifact of age, cerebral atrophy, or severity of positive symptoms.
 ...
PMID:Negative symptoms and hypofrontality in chronic schizophrenia. 136 Feb

Positron emission tomography (PET) offers a possibility to study brain function and its relationship to psychiatric disorders. Clinical studies have demonstrated that several psychiatric diseases are coupled with changes in brain glucose metabolism. Schizophrenia seems to involve a lower metabolism in wide areas of the brain--both cortical and subcortical structures. Depression probably involves dysfunction of the metabolism in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Obsessive compulsive disorder, panic disorder, anorexia nervosa and the experience of anxiety may involve increased metabolic rates. The results from the different studies do not allow quantitative comparisons or detailed analyses because of large differences in experimental and clinical methodology. The term Good Clinical PET Practice (GCPP) is suggested to encourage standardization in clinical investigations. GCPP includes standardization of both experimental factors (lumped constant, arterialization, purity of tracer, regions of interest, relative rates) and clinical factors (state of the subject, wakefulness, anxiety, gender, course of the disease) in PET performance.
 ...
PMID:Glucose metabolism in psychiatric disorders: how can we facilitate comparisons among studies? 140 49

A number of preclinical studies suggest that progesterone may play an important role in the stress response, however, the effects of stress on progesterone in humans has not been established. Also, several lines of evidence indicate that schizophrenia may be associated with abnormal neurobiological responses to stress, but the effects of stress on progesterone in schizophrenia has not been investigated. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of stress on plasma progesterone and cortisol in healthy subjects and to determine if schizophrenic patients have altered stress-induced plasma progesterone levels compared to normal controls. Stress was induced through administration of 2-deoxyglucose (2DG), a glucose analog that impairs glucose metabolism resulting in a clinical state comparable to hypoglycemia. There were significant increases in plasma progesterone and cortisol levels following 2DG-induced glucoprivic stress in healthy controls. There was no relationship between stress related progesterone and cortisol elevations. Schizophrenic patients, in comparison to controls, had significantly greater 2DG-induced elevations in progesterone levels but no differences in stress-related cortisol levels. There was evidence that basal progesterone and cortisol levels were elevated in the schizophrenic patients. The implications of these data are discussed.
 ...
PMID:The effects of metabolic stress on plasma progesterone in healthy volunteers and schizophrenic patients. 143 61

Because neuropsychiatric disorders involve functional and neurochemical cerebral abnormalities, positron emission tomography (PET) is ideally suited for their investigation. The use of tracers to measure regional brain glucose metabolism and/or blood flow has allowed the evaluation of brain function in psychiatric patients. The use of radioligands to assess receptor concentration has enabled an evaluation of the extent to which specific neurotransmitter systems are involved in the pathogenesis of mental illness. This article reviews the application of PET technology to the understanding of schizophrenic disorders and substance abuse.
 ...
PMID:Neuropsychiatric disorders: investigation of schizophrenia and substance abuse. 143 71

A hypothesis of psychosis localization in schizophrenia was derived from studying metabolic alterations in rat brain in response to phencyclidine hydrochloride administration. Since phencyclidine and its selective agonist dizocilpine maleate (MK801) induced overlapping and long-lasting metabolic alterations predominantly in limbic areas, the hypothesis developed that schizophrenic patients with psychosis would evidence functional abnormalities in limbic circuits compared with normal controls. Accordingly, 12 actively psychotic, drug-free patients with schizophrenia and matched normal controls underwent functional brain scans using positron emission tomography and fluorodeoxyglucose. Regions of interest were identified on five matched axial slices in each patient and control subject, and average metabolic rates were calculated. Patients with schizophrenia showed a significantly lower regional cerebral metabolic rate of glucose in the hippocampus and the anterior cingulate cortex than did normal controls, but not in neocortical areas or in the extrapyramidal system. When the group of schizophrenic patients was divided into deficit and nondeficit types, a preliminary exploratory analysis suggested thalamic, frontal, and parietal cortical hypometabolism in the deficit subgroup, with normal metabolism in the nondeficit patient group in those areas; in contrast, hippocampal and anterior cingulate cortical metabolism was reduced in both deficit and nondeficit subtypes. These results suggest that the limbic system, especially the hippocampus, is functionally involved in schizophrenic psychosis and that different manifestations of schizophrenia may involve different neuronal circuits.
 ...
PMID:Limbic system abnormalities identified in schizophrenia using positron emission tomography with fluorodeoxyglucose and neocortical alterations with deficit syndrome. 162 43

Several studies using positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) have revealed functional hypofrontality in schizophrenia. However, frontal hypometabolism is not consistently found and is not specific to schizophrenia. Basal ganglia glucose hypermetabolism related to neuroleptic treatment has been demonstrated. Methodological and clinical differences between studies are discussed in this paper.
 ...
PMID:[Cerebral glucose metabolism in schizophrenia. Studies using positron-emission tomography]. 167 Apr 24


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>