Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The authors describe 19 patients with severe tardive dyskinesia, 11 of whom had a diagnosis of affective or schizoaffective disorder rather than schizophrenia. Most patients had been receiving long-term neuroleptic treatment with few interruptions and had received only one or two different neuroleptics. Frequent eye blinking was the most prevalent prodromal sign of tardive dyskinesia (in seven patients). Four subtypes of tardive dyskinesia could be distinguished: choreoathetosis, tardive dystonia, blepharospasm, and tardive akathisia. Optimal pharmacotherapy most often consisted of combinations of neuroleptics, lithium carbonate, benzodiazepines, and antiparkinsonian drugs. However, after an average of 62 months, only five patients had markedly improved.
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PMID:Clinical forms of severe tardive dyskinesia. 288 62

The results of evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of the new psychotropic drugs adepren, didepil, anq tempalgin made by the "Farmakhim" plant (the People's Republic of Bulgaria) are presented. Clinical trials revealed new facts that allowed to expand the scope of the indications for use formulated in the "Farmakhim" recommendations. It was found that Adepren could be used with success (in addition to the indications suggested by "Farmakhim") in the treatment of patients with depressive-paranoid paroxysms of periodic schizophrenia taking its course in the presence of general depression, as well as patients with somatogenic lingering astheno-depressive states. The therapeutic efficacy of didepil (an antiepileptic) was found to be in a direct relationship with the disease duration, character of the attacks, presence or absence of epileptic chandes of personality. The effect was the best in cases of a short duration of the disease and absence of gross epileptic personality changes, when the paroxysmal disorders were confined mostly to grand mals. A new scheme for arresting the epileptic status with didepil solution is offered. For the first time the efficacy of tempalgin in the treatment of patients suffering from alcoholic abstinence syndrome was substantiated. Optimal doses of the drugs have been determined with regard to the disease nosology and the leading syndrome. Contraindications to the use of the drugs have also been formulated.
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PMID:[Experience with the use of new Bulgarian psychotropic drugs]. 675 42

The case of a 34 year old man with chronic severe asthma and schizophrenia has been described. Attempts at treating his conditions have not met with success. Optimal management of one problem is precluded by the other. There is a possibility that aggressive management will do more harm than good.
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PMID:A difficult combination. 837 86

Developments over the past 20 years in maintenance treatment have substantially reduced problems with relapses, rehospitalization, and serious psychopathology and dysfunction for most patients with schizophrenia. Therapeutic gains can be accomplished with minimal dosing strategies, targeted drug therapy for medication-refusing patients, psychosocial interventions, and new drugs. Although minimal dose maintenance requires close clinical monitoring and effective collaboration, this strategy reduces side effects and negative symptoms and may thereby translate into greater medication compliance. Psychosocial therapeutics that include family intervention in conjunction with antipsychotic drug treatment reduce relapse rates, but further study is needed. Lithium, carbamazepine, benzodiazepines, beta-blockers, and antidepressant drugs along with electroconvulsive therapy and social skills training provide other relevant approaches in maintenance treatment. Before a maintenance role for new drugs such as clozapine and risperidone is clarified, controlled studies are needed. However, the advantages with motor side effects and secondary negative symptoms should enhance clinical course and medication compliance, and superior antipsychotic prophylaxis is hypothesized. Special issues in maintenance treatment include difficulty in predicting relapse, increased risk of adverse drug effects in elderly patients, and complication of the nonpsychotic aspects of schizophrenia by continued use of antipsychotic drugs. Optimal maintenance treatment incorporates early detection and outpatient management of symptom exacerbation, minimal dosing to increase compliance and reduce adverse effects, psychosocial intervention to reduce relapse rates and enhance functioning, and the integration of several therapeutic modalities and the provision of case managers and assertive community treatment teams.
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PMID:Maintenance therapy of persons with schizophrenia. 882 45

A series of 14 children and adolescents (ages 9-17 years, 10 males) were treated with risperidone for pervasive developmental disorder. The rationale for using an atypical neuroleptic agent is based on its ability to target both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. It was postulated that symptoms similar to the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia may be observed in the pervasive developmental disorders and might respond favorably to risperidone. Twelve of the 14 youths had been treated previously with several psychotropic drugs, often concurrently. Risperidone was initiated at a starting dose of 0.25 mg twice daily and increased in 0.25 mg/day increments every 5-7 days. Optimal dosages ranged from 0.75 to 1.5 mg daily in divided doses. Thirteen of the 14 youths appeared to benefit from risperidone. Improvement in functionality on the Children's Global Assessment Scale was demonstrated in 13 of 14 cases. Disruptive behaviors, when present, markedly decreased on risperidone. Ten patients showed a marked reduction in agitation and anxiety. Social awareness improved markedly in 10 patients, moderately in 3, and only slightly in 1. All but 1 patient demonstrated a lessening in obsessional behaviors. Effects on attention were uniformly positive. Side effects were minimal at the dosages used in this study; 5 patients had initial sedation. Neither extrapyramidal side effects nor agitation was observed in any case. Ten of 14 youths could be managed with risperidone monotherapy. During the follow-up period (mean 7 months), none of the patients experienced a major relapse while taking risperidone. Positive and negative symptoms, as typically characterized in schizophrenia, were both found to improve equally well with risperidone treatment. Based on these findings, a prospective clinical trial with a randomized controlled design is warranted.
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PMID:Use of risperidone in pervasive developmental disorders: a case series. 923 11

Solid-phase enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for detecting natural antibodies to catecholamines (dopamine, adrenaline, and noradrenaline) has been developed. For this purpose catecholamine antigens were synthesized on polymeric matrix. Optimal conditions for EIA detecting antibodies to these antigens in the sera of donors and patients with schizophrenia and disseminated sclerosis were defined. The levels of antibodies to dopamine, adrenaline, and noradrenaline are constant in donors and shifted in the patients.
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PMID:[Immunoenzyme assay for detection of natural antibodies against catecholamines]. 941 Apr 67

Factor structure of the Halstead Category Test was evaluated in patients with schizophrenia, heterogeneous forms of brain damage, and patient controls using confirmatory factor analysis. Analyses were performed including and excluding subtests 1 and 2. In the first analysis, a three-factor model was optimal, with subtests 1 and 2 loading on one factor (Counting), 3, 4, and 7 loading on a second factor (Spatial Positional Reasoning), and subtests 5 and 6 loading on a third factor (Proportional Reasoning). Excluding subtests 1 and 2, a two-factor solution was optimal consisting of the Spatial Positional (subtests 3 and 4) and Proportional Reasoning (subtests 5 and 6) factors, with subtest 7 loading on both factors. Optimal factor structures for the three groups were identical. Correlations between factor scores were similar among groups. Factor scores also correlated significantly (p <.01 ) with all of the other cognitive measures. It was concluded that the Category Test is a multidimensional procedure with factors associated in a general way with other cognitive abilities.
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PMID:Is the Halstead Category Test a multidimensional instrument? 1042 20

The prevalence and demographic and clinical correlates of lifetime substance use disorders were examined in a cohort of 325 recently hospitalized psychiatric patients (53% schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder). Alcohol use was the most common type of substance use disorder, followed by cannabis and cocaine use. Univariate analyses indicated that gender (male), age (younger), education (less), history of time in jail, conduct disorder symptoms, and antisocial personality disorder symptoms were predictive of substance use disorders. Lifetime cannabis use disorder was uniquely predicted by marital status (never married) and fewer psychiatric hospitalizations during the previous 6 months. Optimal classification tree analysis, an exploratory, nonlinear method of identifying patient subgroups, was successful in predicting 74 percent to 86 percent of the alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine use disorders. The implications of this method for identifying specific patient subgroups and service needs are discussed.
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PMID:Substance use disorder in hospitalized severely mentally ill psychiatric patients: prevalence, correlates, and subgroups. 1075 80

This study aimed to compare the clinical and social benefits associated with Optimal Case Management (OCM) treatment that employ cognitive-behavioural strategies to those associated with Routine Case Management (RCM) that is widely used in community health services. Hundred patients with schizophrenia were randomly allocated to OCM and RCM treatment conditions. Patients in the OCM condition showed significantly more improvement on all measures compared to patients in RCM condition. Improvement on clinical symptoms and social functioning achieved by OCM tended to show a regular and continuous pattern throughout the course of the study. The results of this study suggest that every optimal treatment should aim improvement in social functioning and therefore quality of life of the patients.
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PMID:Optimal treatment project for schizophrenia: results from a randomized, controlled, longitudinal study. 1463 41

Optimal and effective medical care of patients suffering from psychiatric disorders and their integration into society leads undoubtedly not only to a higher quality of life of the person affected, but also to a reduction of direct and indirect disease-related costs such as loss of earnings and disability pension. Both schizophrenia and depressive disorder display an early age of onset and inclination to a chronic course under inadequate medical care and thus are interesting examples for diseases with enormous direct and indirect disease-related health costs. We want to illustrate with these diseases the necessity for further effort, more extensive financial support, and the will for change to maintain the standard of medical care for psychiatric patients which has been achieved during the last 20 years in Germany. To achieve this goal, all sectors of the healthcare system have to recognize the health economic effects of inadequate medical care of psychiatric patients either as a result of understaffing, insufficient application of therapeutic options, inadequate exploitation of the care system, or as an effect of inaccurate legislation and to draw the right conclusions together. Furthermore, more research on the care system of psychiatric patients dealing with economic aspects is required.
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PMID:[Health economic aspects of medical care and therapeutic options for schizophrenic and depressive patients in Germany]. 1534 Jul 17


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