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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Carbamazepine-induced hyponatremia has been reported in 21.7% of 61 patients with mental retardation who received the medication for a variety of reasons. We studied 40 patients with mental retardation receiving carbamazepine to determine the prevalence of hyponatremia. Overall, hyponatremia was found in only 5.0% of these patients. Correlations with sodium level and carbamazepine dose, serum drug level, and concomitant neuroleptic and anticonvulsant polytherapy were also examined. Treatment with carbamazepine resulted in a statistically, but not clinically, significant decrease in serum sodium levels in patients receiving anticonvulsant polytherapy. Decreases in serum sodium were not related to carbamazepine dose or blood levels. Only one patient with underlying schizophrenia and psychogenic polydipsia demonstrated clinically significant hyponatremia during carbamazepine therapy.
Am J Ment Retard 1992 Mar
PMID:Carbamazepine-induced hyponatremia in patients with mental retardation. 156 11

Inpatient and outpatient, emotionally disturbed, borderline to severely mentally retarded adults (N = 110) were assessed to evaluate the relationship of medication to psychiatric diagnosis and symptomatology. Patients were assessed on the Psychiatric Instrument for Mentally Retarded Adults, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, and the Social Performance Survey Schedule--a measure of social adaptation. All these instruments had been modified for use with mentally retarded persons. Comparisons were made evaluating patients receiving major tranquilizers, anticonvulsant and antianxiety drugs, by diagnostic category. Furthermore, an assessment was made of inpatients versus outpatients, based on amount of medication prescribed. It was found that considerable variation in the numbers of drugs and the amount of drug used occurred, based on the type of psychiatric condition, particularly those on informant data on schizophrenia, affective disorder, and adjustment reaction disorder. Implications of these and related results for psychotropic drug use with mentally retarded emotionally disturbed persons are discussed.
Appl Res Ment Retard 1984
PMID:Diagnosis and drug use in mentally retarded, emotionally disturbed adults. 615 23

One hundred and ten adults, from borderline to severe levels of mental retardation, were assessed through the outpatient clinic of a university-affiliated mental health center and a large state psychiatric hospital. These patients were included only after they had demonstrated the ability to respond to questions of similar difficulty to those presented in the Psychopathology Instrument for Mentally Retarded Adults. This measure was designed by the authors based on DSM III criteria, and covered seven types of psychopathology including schizophrenia, depression, psychosexual disorders, adjustment disorder, anxiety, somatoform disorders, and personality problems. In the present study the psychometric properties of the scale were reviewed and/or evaluated including internal consistency of items and test-retest reliability, and factor analysis.
Appl Res Ment Retard 1984
PMID:Psychometric properties of the psychopathology instrument for mentally retarded adults. 672 83

Childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) is a rare, severe form of schizophrenia in which there are structural brain abnormalities that may be related to the psychotic symptomatology and neurocognitive deficits found in these patients. While there are numerous structural imaging studies of the adult-onset variant of schizophrenia (with many conflicting findings), relatively few brain imaging studies of COS have been conducted. This paper summarizes the extant literature of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of structural brain abnormalities in COS, and compares findings to similar studies of adult-onset patients. Volumetric MRI studies of COS patients have consistently shown evidence for increased ventricular volume, reduced cerebral gray matter, and increased caudate volume, consistent with findings from adult-onset studies. Other volumetric brain abnormalities are observed in COS patients, such as reduced total brain volume, but not consistently across all studies. Voxel-based morphometric analyses have revealed abnormalities in the shape and spatial location of structures in COS such as the corpus callosum, caudate, and thalamus that could not be observed in the more traditional volumetric assessments. Similar findings also are observed in adult-onset patients. Progressive degenerative changes, such as ventricular enlargement, appear to occur in COS only until young adulthood where there is an apparent asymptote with no further degenerative changes. This is consistent with the lack of progressive changes noted in most longitudinal studies of adult-onset schizophrenia.
Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2000
PMID:Brain abnormalities observed in childhood-onset schizophrenia: a review of the structural magnetic resonance imaging literature. 1098 95

Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis of a wide variety of neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism, mental retardation, and schizophrenia. Some heritable disorders approach 100% penetrance; nonetheless, even in these disorders, subtle aspects of clinical disease expression may be influenced by the environment. In other disorders with genetic influences, exogenous factors, and the timepoint(s) during nervous system development at which they are introduced, modulate expression of disease. Elucidation of the mechanisms guiding this intricate interplay between host response genes, environmental agents, and the neurodevelopmental context within which these interactions occur, is necessary to understand the continuum of clinical outcomes. This chapter will review the evidence that infectious and immune factors may contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders, describe an animal model of neurodevelopmental disorders based upon viral infection, identify processes by which neural circuitry may be compromised, and outline areas for future research.
Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2001
PMID:Infectious and immune factors in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders: epidemiology, hypotheses, and animal models. 1155 36

We review emerging evidence indicating that in utero exposure to infection is a risk factor for schizophrenia. It is hypothesized that a prenatal infection increases the liability to schizophrenia in adulthood by adversely affecting the maturation of critical brain structural and functional components implicated in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of the disorder. Early evidence for a role of in utero infection includes investigations linking schizophrenia with birth during the winter and in urban regions, and ecologic studies demonstrating associations between influenza epidemics and births of pre-schizophrenic patients. The findings of the latter studies are, however, equivocal. To more rigorously address this question, our group has used increasingly sophisticated research designs that incorporate more refined measures of exposure and outcome, and continuous follow-up of treated cases. This work has already yielded several intriguing findings, including associations between schizophrenia and two in utero infections--rubella and respiratory infection. We also describe our ongoing birth cohort investigations that are expected to advance this work further, including studies that utilize maternal serum samples drawn during pregnancy of offspring who were later diagnosed with schizophrenia.
Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2002
PMID:In utero infection and adult schizophrenia. 1192 87

Adults with predominantly severe and profound mental retardation (N = 180) who lived in a developmental center were assessed with the Behavior Problems Inventory and the Diagnostic Assessment for the Severely Handicapped-II. Individuals with self-injurious, stereotyped, or aggressive/destructive behavior had generally higher psychopathology scores than individuals without, and the presence of behavior problems increased the likelihood of almost all psychiatric conditions up to three-fold. Factor analysis revealed that behavior problems tended to be associated with psychiatric conditions conventionally linked with behavior problems. A Self-Injury and Aggression/Destruction factor was related to impulse control and conduct problems, and a Stereotyped Behavior factor was linked to pervasive developmental disabilities and somewhat less so to schizophrenia. Stereotyped Behavior factor was independent of the Self-Injury/Aggression/Destruction factor.
Am J Ment Retard 2004 Jan
PMID:Relationships between psychiatric conditions and behavior problems among adults with mental retardation. 1465 52

Information on admission to psychiatric inpatient units is lacking from the literature on contemporary services for people with intellectual disability and mental health needs. Here we report on predictors of admission for a cohort of 752 adults from this population living in community settings; 83 were admitted. We also report on two subsamples of this cohort for whom different psychometric measures concerned with psychiatric symptoms and behavior had been completed. Schizophrenia spectrum disorders and mild intellectual disabilities independently predicted admission for the total cohort. The presence of symptoms associated with psychosis and the presence of physical aggression predicted admission in the subsamples.
Am J Ment Retard 2005 May
PMID:Psychiatric inpatient admissions of adults with intellectual disabilities: predictive factors. 1580 97