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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The Research Diagnostic Criteria (RCD) and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) were developed in the mid-1970s by researchers at the New York State Psychiatric Institute and at Columbia University. This article shows their clinical and research interests. The authors of the french translations, compare them to the recent DSM-III. These criteria represent a widely used nosologic system for clinical research in psychiatry. The SADS was developed in an effort to provide research investigators with a clinical procedure which reduce information variance in both diagnostic and descriptive evaluations of subjects.
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PMID:[Diagnostic criteria for research in psychiatry (RDC) and guide for the diagnosis of affective disorders and schizophrenia (SADS)]. 167 Apr 1

The authors compare symptoms and neuropsychological test performance in DSM-III schizophrenic patients who reported prior substance abuse (N = 38) with those in patients who reported no such abuse (N = 25) to determine the impact of substance abuse on the psychopathology of schizophrenia. Positive and negative symptom scores were derived from the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. Sixty neuropsychological measures drawn from commonly used tests of intelligence, memory, learning, fluency, and problem solving were calculated. Separate analyses were performed on patients in a psychotic episode who were free of neuroleptics (N = 27) and on those taking maintenance neuroleptics (N = 36). Among unmedicated patients, those who reported prior substance abuse had significantly higher thought disorder scores. Among neuroleptic-medicated patients, hallucination and delusion scores were significantly higher in the patients who reported prior substance abuse. The substance abuse followed withdrawal from social relations and preceded the onset of positive symptoms. None of the neuropsychological tests discriminated between abusers and nonabusers.
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PMID:Substance abuse and schizophrenia: effect on symptoms but not on neurocognitive function. 167 Oct 32

To study the early course of schizophrenia, we assessed 79 early phase, young, DSM-III schizophrenic patients at two successive posthospital follow-ups, 2.5 and 5.0 years after index hospitalization. More than 50% of the sample had poor overall outcome, with either severe impairment in functioning and symptoms, or suicide, in the follow-up period. Rehospitalization rates decreased significantly during the course of the two posthospital assessments, despite the sample showing persisting psychosis. Only a small group of schizophrenic patients showed complete remission: 10% at the first follow-up and 17% at the second follow-up, when patients who suicided are excluded from consideration. While progressive deterioration is not common in schizophrenia, our relatively negative findings challenge the conclusions of some other longitudinal studies. Implications of our data on schizophrenic course are discussed.
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PMID:Posthospital course and outcome in schizophrenia. 172 53

Through previous research, promising biological markers for schizophrenia have been identified. Abnormalities in eye movement, electrodermal activity, event-related brain potentials, attention and informational processing, and brain imaging have been reported. Studies of potential trait markers suffer from the lack of a standardized methodology, which makes comparisons of their results difficult. No one possible marker appears specific for schizophrenia. Additional studies in high-risk children and adults are needed using multiple measurements to define biologic similarities and differences between psychiatric syndromes in order to develop definitive trait markers for schizophrenia. Sufficient evidence does not exist to support the inclusion of biological markers among the DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia, although some are sufficiently robust to merit mention among the associated features discussed in the text.
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PMID:A selective review of biological markers in schizophrenia. 167 84

We review research literature on psychotic (delusional) depression, including demographic, illness pattern, clinical, biological marker and treatment issues. Secondly, we report a study of a consecutive sample of 137 patients meeting criteria for DSM-III melancholia, RDC definite endogenous depression and our "clinical" criteria for endogenous depression, of whom there were 35 "psychotic depressives" (PDs). The PDs were contrasted with the remaining 76 depressives (EDs) and with an age and sex-matched subset (MEDs). The PDs were distinctly older than the EDs at assessment and at initial onset of any affective disorder. Compared to the MEDs, they tended to have longer illnesses, were more likely to be hospitalised (and to have longer stays), to receive (in the past and for the current episode) combination antipsychotic/antidepressant medication and/or ECT, and to have a poorer course over the following year. They were no more likely to have a bipolar pattern, a family history of depressive disorder, schizophrenia or alcoholism, or vegetative depressive features. Developmental psychosocial stressors and antecedent life event stressors were not over-represented. Most of the PDs had delusions, one-fifth reported hallucinations and psychomotor disturbance was marked. Other differential clinical findings were sustained mood disturbance, constipation, and the absence of a diurnal variation in mood and energy.
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PMID:Psychotic depression: a review and clinical experience. 167 37

Few studies have evaluated the longitudinal stability of neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia. In the present study, 39 inpatients with DSM-III-R schizophrenia were administered a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests after achieving sufficient clinical recovery to warrant discharge, and again 1 year after the first assessment during a nonacute period. Significant improvement in neuropsychological functioning from the first to the second assessment was observed on several tasks, including the following: Trails A and B, Digit Symbol, Judgment of Line Orientation, recognition memory on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, the Wisconsin Card Sort, and Finger Tapping. These improvements were unrelated to treatment history, and were similar in first episode and chronic cases. For many patients, the improvement in functioning brought test performance into line with normative scores from test standardization samples. These results indicate that considerable improvement in neuropsychological functioning can occur in schizophrenic patients over the months following an acute episode of illness, and that recovery of cognitive functioning can occur after substantial clinical recovery from an acute episode of illness has already been achieved.
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PMID:Evaluation of the stability of neuropsychological functioning after acute episodes of schizophrenia: one-year followup study. 168 67

Zotepine was administered to 45 patients suffering from therapy-resistant psychoses hospitalized in eight psychiatric institutes (University Hospital Okayama and affiliated institutions). The psychoses of these patients were characterised by positive symptoms--predominantly hallucinations and delusions--and could not be influenced by a large variety of conventional antipsychotics, such as haloperidol. Previous medications were discontinued or administered together with zotepine. To assess changes in the pattern of symptoms, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) was employed over a period of up to 12 weeks at 2-week intervals. Ten patients dropped out of the study because of undesirable effects or for other reasons. 35 patients completed the 12-week study according to schedule. There was a relation between general improvement and certain patient characteristics. Zotepine proved to be effective especially in the catatonic type of schizophrenia, in chronic schizophrenias with acute exacerbation (DSM-III) and in relatively young patients in whom the disease had existed for a short time only. In the 26 patients who were markedly, moderately or slightly improved, BPRS score had dropped significantly after only two weeks of treatment. This points to a rapid onset of the therapeutic action of zotepine.
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PMID:[Effectiveness of zotepine in therapy-refractory psychoses. An open, multicenter study in eight psychiatric clinics]. 168 39

In the group of 58 schizophrenic patients who fulfilled the DSM-III-R criteria for schizophrenia, various subgroups have been identified according to the DSM-III-R subdivision of schizophrenic types, the DCR classification of systematic, nonsystematic schizophrenia and cycloid psychosis, as well as positive/negative symptoms of schizophrenia. All patients underwent therapy with one neuroleptic from four different neuroleptic groups. Some significant differences between the subgroups in respect to sociodemographic data were found. The DCR subdivision of patients revealed the majority of meaningful data regarding the predictive validity of psychopathology for the outcome of the neuroleptic treatment.
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PMID:The predictive value of psychopathological subclassifications for the neuroleptic treatment outcome in schizophrenia. 168 43

In recent years the dopamine hypothesis has failed to explain the complexities of schizophrenia. Because both negative symptoms and noradrenergic activity appear to increase with psychotic relapse, we studied negative symptoms, psychosis, cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine, and cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites in 32 male patients with a DSM-III diagnosis of schizophrenia while both receiving and not receiving long-term haloperidol treatment. Drug-free cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol levels correlated significantly with the severity of negative symptoms and psychosis ratings. When the patients were divided into those who did and did not relapse while not receiving the drug, significant positive correlations between negative symptoms and cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol were observed only in the patients who relapsed. Non significant but negative correlations were observed between the same variables in the nonrelapsers. Thus, increased norepinephrine activity in drug-free patients is associated with intensification of schizophrenic symptoms without necessarily causing the symptoms.
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PMID:Norepinephrine in acute exacerbations of chronic schizophrenia. Negative symptoms revisited. 168 40

The purpose of the computer algorithm described here is the evaluation of diagnostic criteria according to DSM-III for schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorders. It also dates the first time point of the assessment of these diagnoses. The necessary information comes from a semistructured interview, called IRAOS (Interview for the Retrospective Assessment of the Onset of Schizophrenia). With this interview early indicators of a beginning schizophrenia can be evaluated in their chronological order and their type of course. The algorithm was first used in a sample of patients admitted for the first time with a diagnosis of either schizophrenia or paranoid psychosis. One third of these patients fulfills the DSM-III-criterion of a duration of at least six months. The other patients fulfill criterion B of a schizophreniform disorder. To strengthen the validity of a diagnosis including the criteria A up to E successively, the sample is reduced to 70%. The average time point of the first assessment of the diagnosis by the computer algorithm is about 1.5 years before the index-admission. Together with the IRAOS the computer algorithm allows an operationalized assessment of the real onset of schizophrenia.
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PMID:[A computer algorithm for diagnostic assessment with DSM-III in the early course of schizophrenic diseases]. 172 Dec 38


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