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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Chromogranin A (CgA) is a calcium binding protein and a precursor of modulatory peptides in the brain. We measured CgA-like immunoreactivity (CgA-LI) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in 15 male schizophrenic patients (diagnosed by DSM-III-R criteria) after 3 nights of polysomnography. Patients had been drug free for at least 33 days. Our earlier report that CSF CgA-LI in schizophrenic patients correlated significantly with negative symptoms and ventricle-brain ratios, which have been related to slow wave sleep, raised the possibility that CgA-LI might relate to slow wave sleep. CSF CgA-LI was significantly correlated with stage 4 sleep and rapid eye movement latency. Whether these positive relationships between CSF CgA-LI and electroencephalographic sleep measures are specific for schizophrenia awaits further study.
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PMID:CSF chromogranin A-like immunoreactivity in schizophrenia: relationships with REM latency and slow wave sleep. 160 81

In comparing 101 psychotic patients subtyped by DSM-III criteria into paranoia, schizophrenia, schizoaffective, and affective disorders, we failed to distinguish them on the basis of delusional and hallucinatory experiences. These 'productive', 'positive' or 'irritative' symptoms--which the literature tends to link with temporolimbic dysfunction--did not appear specifically linked to schizophrenia. By contrast, 'negative' or 'deficit' symptoms--which the literature tends to relate to frontal lobe dysfunction--appeared more specific--especially for the disorganized subtype of schizophrenia. Although these data tend to support Bleulerian over Schneiderian conceptualization of schizophrenia, the heterogeneity of neuropsychological deficits implied in the negative symptom complexes limits the nosologic utility of the rubric of schizophrenia so defined.
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PMID:Psychotic symptom patterns and the diagnosis of schizophrenia. 160 10

Discriminant functions of the MMPI and the MCMI-II were compared in a sample of 166 hospitalized psychiatric patients with discharge diagnoses of affective disorder (63), schizophrenia (26), substance abuse (35), and other disorders (42). Of special interest was the comparative diagnostic utility of the two instruments in regards to DSM-III-R Axis I diagnoses. Both tests performed reasonably well in the discriminant function analyses; however, the MCMI-II achieved a somewhat superior overall hit rate with this sample of inpatients (79% to 68%). This difference was tied to greater accuracy of the MCMI-II for identifying the affective disorders group.
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PMID:Concordance of the MCMI-II, the MMPI, and Axis I discharge diagnosis in psychiatric inpatients. 161 59

The psychiatric status of 70 homeless women from two direct-access hostels in inner-London was assessed. Detailed sociodemographic, psychiatric and physical illness data were also collected, and where possible, verified from psychiatric and general hospital sources. Forty-five women met DSM-III-R criteria for schizophrenia, but few were in contact with the psychiatric services or in receipt of any treatment.
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PMID:Psychiatric morbidity in homeless women. 161 57

Numerous studies have shown evidence of cerebral ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia and its relationship to severity of clinical symptoms and psychosocial dysfunction. In this large prospective study, 88 noninstitutionalized DSM-III-R schizophrenic patients were administered a CT scan and rated for positive and negative symptomatology and premorbid adjustment. The CT scans from 14 healthy controls were used for comparison of cerebral ventricular measures. Patients had an enlarged ventricle to brain ratio of the anterior portion of the lateral ventricles, the frontal horns, compared with controls. Patients with larger frontal horns had more severe negative symptoms and poorer premorbid childhood adjustment. The area of the main body of the cerebral lateral ventricles, though not elevated in patients, was correlated with the total number of prior hospitalizations. These results support the hypothesis of a structural and functional "frontal" deficit in schizophrenia.
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PMID:Clinical correlates of cerebral ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia. Further evidence for frontal lobe disease. 162 20

A total of 18 outpatients (17 male, 1 female) ranging in age from 36-66 years old were on a constant dosage of haloperidol in equally divided doses at 9:00 a.m. and 9:00 p.m. for at least 1 month. DSM-III-R diagnoses included schizophrenia (N = 9), schizoaffective disorder (N = 3), bipolar disorder (N = 4), organic mental disorder (N = 1), and delusional disorder (N = 1). Blood samples for steady-state concentrations of plasma and red blood cell haloperidol (H) and reduced haloperidol (RH) were drawn at 9:00 a.m. (12 hr trough). The haloperidol dosage was held at 9:00 a.m. until samples of whole saliva and parotid saliva could be collected for flow rates and concentrations of H and RH. Haloperidol dosages ranged from 1 mg/day to 60 mg/day (mean 11 +/- 15). Correlation coefficients were calculated for saliva concentrations versus blood levels and for saliva secretion rates versus blood levels. The correlations between whole saliva measures and blood concentrations were all higher than the correlations between parotid saliva measures and blood concentrations. In one case the higher correlation reached statistical significance. There was only one case in which substitution of saliva secretion rate improved the correlation between measures with saliva concentration. Our findings suggest that saliva measures of H and RH are useful alternatives to plasma concentrations in monitoring maintenance haloperidol treatment.
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PMID:Haloperidol and reduced haloperidol in saliva and blood. 162 85

The Draft of "ICD-10, Chapter V, Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines" was tested in a multicenter field trial in Japan. We have previously reported good results in suitability, confidence and ease of diagnosis, and adequacy of descriptions of the Draft. In this paper, the interdiagnostician reliability of the Draft is reported. Among the two-character categories, "Schizophrenia, Schizotypal States and Delusional Disorders (F2)" (ICC = .80) and "Mood Disorders (F3)" (ICC = .80) proved reliable. "Neurotic, Stress-Related, and Somatoform Disorders (F4)" was less reliable (ICC = .65). The ICCs of the 17 major categories (three-character code) and the 21 subcategories (four-character code) were also calculated. The finding that in Japan subtyping schizophrenia with ICD-10 was more reliable than that made using DSM-III Diagnostic Criteria supports the need to use a descriptive version of ICD-10 as the basis for several versions serving different purposes. The nature of disagreements with unreliable categories was also investigated. The results are discussed with special reference to the changes in the final Draft of Chapter V, which contained a feedback of the results from field trials from all over the world.
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PMID:Collaborative multicenter field trial of the Draft of ICD-10 in Japan--interdiagnostician reliability and disagreement: a report from the WHO project on "field trials of ICD-10, Chapter V". 163 21

The Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History was developed for research studies of schizophrenia spectrum conditions and affective spectrum conditions. It is designed to provide a comprehensive information base concerning current and past signs and symptoms, premorbid functioning, cognitive functioning, sociodemographic status, treatment, and course of illness. Because the information base is broad, it is not wedded to a specific diagnostic system but rather permits clinicians and investigators to make diagnoses using a wide range of systems, including Research Diagnostic Criteria, DSM-III, DSM-III-R, and the International Classification of Diseases. Given the fact that disorders in psychiatry are not defined at the etiological or pathophysiological level, diagnostic criteria are prone to ongoing revision as our knowledge base changes. Research strategies suggest that investigators should maintain a flexible database to permit them to adapt to changes in diagnostic systems, to do comparative nosological studies, and, ultimately, to develop new diagnostic systems based on knowledge concerning the underlying neurobiological nature of disorders. Because it provides a comprehensive information base, the Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History facilitates research of this type. Extensive developmental work has been done with the Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History, including interrater and test-retest reliability studies, validity studies, training programs, and data entry programs.
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PMID:The Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History (CASH). An instrument for assessing diagnosis and psychopathology. 163 51

Computerized tomography (CT-scan) studies in schizophrenia revealed that some patients have neuromorphological abnormalities. The structural changes consist mainly in lateral and third ventricle enlargement, and in cortical atrophy. The present study evaluates these three changes in 42 schizophrenics aged 18 to 50, compared to 24 healthy controls. Diagnosis were established from information gathered by personal interview with the SADS-LA. Clinical sub-types were evaluated according to the DSM III-R criteria. Moreover, detailed symptoms were rated according to the Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). CT scans were recorded in floppy disks and blindly analyzed. Schizophrenics shown significant higher mean size of lateral and third ventricles, and higher mean anterior cortical atrophy than healthy subjects. Significant differences were also found between subtypes, with more marked abnormalities in the disorganized group. The relationship between brain abnormalities and clinical symptoms recorded with the PANSS, were analysed using Pearson correlates. Positive correlations concerned mainly negative symptoms like blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, difficulties in abstract thinking, passive apathetic social withdrawal and lack of spontaneity of conversation. Positive correlations are also observed with some symptoms classified with the PANSS in the General Psychopathology scale such as mannerism and disorientation. Negative correlation concerned most of PANSS positive symptoms.
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PMID:[X-ray computed tomographic abnormalities in schizophrenia. Trial of relationship with clinical data]. 163

Twenty-five DSM-III schizophrenic patients were assessed neuromorphologically and neuropsychologically. Reduced temporal lobes were found through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation. In addition, in order to look for the neuropsychological correlates of temporal anatomy in schizophrenia, patients were divided into cognitive normal and abnormal schizophrenics, according to their Luria Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery profile. The latter group had statistically significant temporal lobe abnormalities as assessed by MRI, irrespective of medication, clinical picture or any other relevant variables. The implication of such findings in the light of the diaschisis model is discussed.
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PMID:Neuropsychological and clinical correlates of temporal lobe anatomy in schizophrenia. 164 34


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