Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R was used to examine the effects of the co-occurrence of psychiatric and substance dependence disorders on diagnostic reliability. The test-retest reliability over a 1-week period was studied in groups of: a) individuals with current substance abuse diagnoses (N = 97), b) individuals with past, but not current, drug histories (N = 146), and c) individuals without substance abuse diagnoses (N = 356; primarily psychiatric patients). A measurement of reliability (Kappa coefficients) was estimated for four general psychiatric categories (psychotic, mood, anxiety, and eating disorders), along with specific most-frequent diagnoses in each category (schizophrenia, major depression, panic disorders, and bulimia nervosa, respectively). Past use and non-drug-use groups were similar in their generally reliable reporting of current and past psychiatric disorders. However, current mood and psychotic disorders were less reliably diagnosed in the group with current substance use disorders.
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PMID:Reliability of dual diagnosis. Substance dependence and psychiatric disorders. 155 65

The morbid risks for schizophrenia and any nonaffective psychosis in the first degree relatives of male and female schizophrenic probands were compared utilizing Cox proportional hazards models. The schizophrenic probands (275 male; 106 female) were drawn from a larger sample of hospitalized patients obtained by systematically screening all psychiatric admissions to 15 facilities over a six-year period. Proband diagnoses (DSM-III) were based on a direct assessment of the patient and a review of medical records. The family history method was used to obtain information about the first degree relatives of the probands. Cox proportional hazards models were adjusted for duration of illness of the proband and gender of the relatives. First degree relatives of female probands had significantly higher morbid risks for schizophrenia and nonaffective psychosis than relatives of male probands. The differential risk for schizophrenia in the relatives of male and female probands demonstrated in this study, as well as others, suggests that males and females may be at different risk for subtypes of the disorder.
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PMID:Schizophrenia: gender and familial risk. 156 Apr 6

Autoantibodies reacting with cell constituents other than antinuclear antibodies have seldom been reported in the literature on schizophrenia. Serum of 41 DSM-III-R schizophrenic patients was examined for the presence of various autoantibodies and compared with that of healthy volunteers (n = 10) and hospitalized controls. Titers of IgG, IgA and IgM autoantibodies directed against actin, tubulin, myosin, DNA, thyroglobulin, elastin, albumin, DNA and trinitrophenyl groups were determined using enzyme immunoassay. IgG and IgA titers were significantly decreased in schizophrenic patients. These results contrast with those obtained with various other autoimmune and nonautoimmune diseases in which titers are either unchanged or increased. A significant increase of various autoantibody levels was observed in the paranoid subgroup of schizophrenics compared with the disorganized subgroup. These autoantibodies possess characteristics similar to those of natural autoantibodies, which seem to play several biological roles.
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PMID:Natural autoantibodies in schizophrenia. 156 97

Magnetic resonance imaging was used to investigate whether the structural brain differences commonly observed in patients with schizophrenia as compared with normal control subjects are specific to gray or white matter, and furthermore whether such abnormalities are localizable to circumscribed cortical regions. Accordingly, 22 patients meeting DSM-III-R criteria for schizophrenia and 20 healthy community volunteers, all 23 to 45 years old, received magnetic resonance imaging scans. Seven axial magnetic resonance imaging sections of 5-mm thickness were segmented into cerebrospinal fluid, gray matter, and white matter compartments and used for volumetric quantification. For the healthy control subjects, age correlated significantly with the percentage of all magnetic resonance imaging sections taken up by gray matter but not white matter. After correcting for the normal effect of age, the schizophrenic group was found to have significantly less gray matter than the control group but no difference in white matter; ventricular volume was 34% greater in the schizophrenic group. The schizophrenic group had less gray matter in all six cortical subregions analyzed; these differences attained statistical significance for all but the parietal measure. These findings have implications for studies of localized gray matter abnormalities and suggest that regional brain volume measurements need to be expressed in the context of possible widespread gray matter volume deficits in schizophrenia.
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PMID:Widespread cerebral gray matter volume deficits in schizophrenia. 156 74

Fluctuating asymmetry provides a measure of an organism's capacity to buffer adverse factors that could disturb its development. It is estimated from the differences between theoretically identical right- and left-sided structures. Dermatoglyphic fluctuating asymmetry has been recently used to investigate developmental disorders. Fingerprints and palm prints of schizophrenic patients, which had been the subjects of an earlier report of conventional dermatoglyphic trait frequencies, were reanalysed to determine their level of fluctuating asymmetry. A review of the diagnostic protocols and clinical records used in the original study indicated that most of the 482 subjects would have met DSM-III-R criteria for schizophrenia. The schizophrenic sample had significantly higher levels of fluctuating asymmetry on four dermatoglyphic traits, the finger-ridge counts, fingerprint patterns, the palmar atd angles and palmar a-b ridge counts, than controls. This finding supports the results of two earlier studies, and its relevance to the roles of genetics, foetal insults, and developmental anomalies of the brain in the aetiology of schizophrenia is discussed.
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PMID:Dermatoglyphic evidence of fluctuating asymmetry in schizophrenia. 148 36

This study examines the concordance of clinical subtypes and age at onset of schizophrenia in 42 sibships of multiply affected schizophrenic patients. Subtypes were defined by four major diagnostic systems (DSM-III, DSM-III-R, ICD-10, and Tsuang-Winokur criteria) and rated both for the first hospitalization and long-term diagnosis. When a sibship method was used, no concordance for subtypes was found in siblings. Age at onset, analyzed as a continuous variable with the intraclass correlation method, was found to be correlated in siblings. This finding suggest that the search for continuous traits distributed in families of schizophrenic patients might constitute an alternative to discrete category-based family studies.
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PMID:Clinical subtypes and age at onset in schizophrenic siblings. 157 38

It remains a matter of conjecture as to whether a schizophrenia-like syndrome commencing in old age differs from the early-onset disorder in any substantial way. This article reviews both the historical background to the concept of defining paraphrenia as a distinct entity, as well as the current controversies concerning whether it should remain a separate entity: the latter is important as paraphrenia has not been included in the DSM III-R and ICD 10 classification systems. Clinical parameters and aetiological factors relevant to an understanding of the syndrome are discussed under the rubrics of descriptive and construct validity. Of particular importance are the role of cerebral organic factors and the pathoplastic effect of the ageing process and how both interface with the development of psychotic symptoms. Whilst the course of this syndrome has been considered relatively benign, outcome studies have yet to establish consistent features that provide a basis to determine predictive validity.
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PMID:The diagnostic validity of paraphrenia. 158 Aug 82

Patterns of recurrence were studied in 54 patients with a diagnosis other than affective illness, who had had 4 or more episodes, each lasting less than 6 months. Their diagnoses for the last hospitalization were: schizophrenia in 46 cases, 'catatonia' in 3 cases and atypical psychosis in 5 cases. Six patients (11%) fulfilled criteria nearly comparable to the DSM-IIIR diagnostic criteria for seasonal patterns. This prevalence is significantly higher than expected by chance and suggests that seasonal recurrence is not confined to affective illness. Four others showed an apparent periodicity shorter than 12 months, a finding which suggests that an endogenous circannual rhythm was at work in these cases and possibly also in some of the cases with an apparent seasonality of recurrence.
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PMID:Seasonal patterns of recurrence in schizophreniform psychosis. 159 Nov 96

The relationships between symptoms and both prior suicide attempts and current suicidal thinking were examined in a sample of schizophrenics at 2 points in time. Fifty subjects meeting DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia were assessed within 1 week of admission, and 41 were reassessed at a 6-month follow-up. On admission, prior suicide attempts were significantly associated with current depression, female sex, lower education and more frequent hospitalization. The association with depression remained significant at follow-up. In addition, current suicidal thinking was associated with depression at both times but also with negative symptoms at time 1 and delusions and hallucinations at time 2. These findings confirm and strengthen prior reports of an association between depression and attempted suicide.
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PMID:Attempted suicide and depression in schizophrenia. 159 63

The aim of the present study was to verify the hypothesis that there are formal thought disorders more specific to schizophrenic disorders. The sample was composed of 82 admitted patients who were chosen for two reasons: presence of schizophrenic symptoms and they fulfilled the RDC criteria for schizophrenic or schizoaffective manic disorders. They were subdivided in three groups according to the RDC and DSM-III-R criteria. The first group were twenty eight patients who fulfilled both criteria to schizophrenic disorders, the second group 28 whose fulfilled the RDC but not DSM-III-R criteria of schizophrenic disorder, and the third group were 26 schizoaffective manics in RDC but with diverse diagnoses in DSM-III-R. A factorial analysis was carried out with oblique rotation and one-way analyses of variance of the factors between the diagnostic groups. It resulted in six factors which explained 70% of the variance and were named: disorganization, negative, stylistic, tangential, manic and semantic factors. The schizophrenic patients and significantly loaded in the negative factor with respect to the other groups, and were significantly loaded in the tangential factor with respect to schizophreniform group. The schizoaffective manics were significantly loaded in manic factor respect to the other groups. Therefore there were symptomatological constellations more specific to schizophrenic disorders. Also, significative correlations were found between the disorganization factor and the SANS attention subscale and a lack of correlations between this factor and the positive symptoms. The existence of a new disorganization syndrome was confirmed, which supplements the positive-negative dichotomous model that has been proposed by some authors.
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PMID:[Formal changes of thought in schizophrenic, schizophreniform, and manic schizoaffective disorders]. 159 18


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