Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During an uncontrolled trial 46 depressed patients (39 endogenous depressions, 5 schizoaffective psychoses and 2 paranoic schizophrenics with depressive syndromes) were treated for 43 days on the average with 3 X 100 mg 1-[3-(10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]-azepin-5-yl)-propyl]-4-piperidino-piperidine-4-carboxamide-dihydrochloride-monohydrate (carpipramine) daily. The clinical impression of the improvement and the results of the Hamilton-Scale for depressions (19 patients, 24 items) showed a clear antidepressive effect of carpipramine. During a double-blind trial 14 patients were treated with carpipramine and 16 with doxepine for 30 days. Most patients suffered from endogenous depressions with paranoic symptoms or from schizophrenia with depressive syndromes. Statistical analysis of the Hamilton-Scale for depressions and the AMP-System showed the antidepressive and antipsychotic effect of carpipramine. Analysis of covariance showed no significant difference between carpipramine and doxepine. Altogether we treated 60 depressive patients with carpipramine. 26 patients improved very well and 11 moderately, that means 37 patients out of 60 reacted positively to therapy with carpipramine. One endogenous depression and a schizoaffective psychosis changed into a manic phase. A provocation of schizophrenic symptoms was not noticed. Carpipramine was very well tolerated and can be classified as a non-sedative antidepressant with an antipsychotic effect.
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PMID:[Activity profile of carpipramine. Results of an open trial and a double-blind trial versus doxepin]. 1 52

The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia proposes that schizophrenia is associated with increased brain dopaminergic function. Because dopamine is thought to stimulate the production of cyclic AMP in the brain, we hypothesized that CSF cyclic AMP would be increased in schizophrenia. Cyclic AMP in the CSF was determined in 19 schizophrenic patients who had not received neuroleptic treatment in the preceding two weeks. No significant difference could be shown between CSF cyclic AMP in these patients and CSF cyclic AMP in 10 psychiatrically normal controls.
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PMID:Cyclic AMP in the CSF of patients with schizophrenia. 18 6

In a study of beta-adrenergic receptor sensitivity, the authors determined the response of cyclic AMP synthesis to in vitro addition of norepinephrine (NE) and isoproterenol (IP) in leukocytes of patients with affective illness and schizophrenia and of normal controls. IP-stimulated increase in 3H-cyclic AMP synthesis in depressed patients was significantly lower than in normal subjects and schizophrenic patients. These results suggest that beta-adrenergic receptor sensitivity is reduced in depressive illness.
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PMID:Beta-adrenergic receptor function in affective illness. 21 19

21 schizophrenic patients were treated in a single blind study with para-chlorphenyl-GABA (baclofen) for 20 days after a placebo period of at least 1 week. Global clinical impression identified five patients as behaviorally unchanged, seven as improved and nine as worsened during the active drug administration. Four patients had to be withdrawn from the trial because of serious and unmanageable psychotic exacerbations. Overall incidence of psychotic symptoms in the group of the schizophrenic patients did not change substantially neither did the remission coefficient as calculated from the AMP documentation system. No differential effect was detected either on selected Schneiderian first rank symptoms or on symptoms more characteristic for chronic defectuous schizophrenia. It is concluded that baclofen is not a useful drug in the therapy of schizophrenia.
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PMID:Baclofen (para-chlorphenyl-GABA) in schizophrenia. 32 92

80 inpatients were interviewed twice by the same physician with an interval of 24 h. By forming subgroups concerning diagnosis and duration of hospitalization, it was possible to examine the influence of these two criteria on the retest reliability of the following findings: (1) aspects of the interview; (2) AMP symptoms; (3) AMP syndromes; (4) clinical syndrome diagnoses, and (5) nosological diagnoses. The duration of hospitalization (up to 40 days) had no influence on the retest reliability of the described findings. The diagnosis (schizophrenia/depression) had no influence on the well-structured findings (AMP symptoms, AMP syndromes). On the contrary, the diagnosis influenced findings which are not so well structured and defined (aspects of the interview, clinical syndrome diagnoses, nosological diagnoses).
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PMID:[Influence of diagnosis and length of hospitalization on the retest reliability for findings of the first psychopathological test (AMP system)]. 52 Dec 45

Pimozid (R 6238 Janssen, Beerse), a neuroleptic similar to the Butyrophenon type has a 24-hour period of effect due to the substance, and was used from 1969 onward on a total of 39 patients, predominantly from the range of schizophrenia types. The objective of thus clinical study was, above all, to plot the extent of its effects, define the optimal range of indications, to determine the most favourable dosage profile and to examine its tolerance in long-term use. Objectifying the medicinal effects, for example recording the psychopathological findings, proved successful with the aid of a syndrom catalogue following the AMP system, in comparison with preceeding and following treatments and considering the social-psychiatric aspects, so that concomitant- and side effects can be ascertained in the same way. The necessary maintenance dose of Pimozid, usually administered once a day, was set in relation to the daily dosage of Haloperidol, which had to be administered 2 to 3 times daily; the results, meanwhile, were compared with those already recorded on the literature. In agreement with this Pimozid proved to be a powerful and well tolerated neuroleptic, even in older patients, with a constant 24-hour effect which is suitable in doses from 1--10 mg/d particularly for long-term out-patient therapy, and above all for psychotics of the paranoid hallucinatory type.
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PMID:[Experiences in the long term use of the 24 hour effective neuroleptic "pimozide" (Janssen)]. 82 15

Three different procedures for classification of psychiatric patients, a modified form of Q factor analysis, the classical discriminant analysis and a simple procedure based on clinical concepts, were compared empirically. On the basis of the psychopathological state rated by means of the Inpatient Multidimensional Psychiatric Scale (IMPS) and psychopathological and somatic scales of the AMP documentation system (AMP scale), the three procedures were applied in order to reproduce the psychiatric diagnosis. The classification was made by paired comparison of the following four diagnoses: schizophrenia, paranoid form (n = 45), schizophrenia, unspecified form (n = 47), depressive psychosis (n = 44), and depressive neurosis (n = 53). The procedures were evaluated according to their crossvalidation results. The mean percentages of correct classification were the following: 83% for the modified form of Q factor analysis, 77% for the classical discriminant analysis, 73% for the simple procedure based on clinical concepts using the IMPS, and 79% for the same procedure, but using the AMP scale, all three procedures reaching about the same level of validity.
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PMID:[Attempts at a nosological classification with two standardized psychiatric rating scales (author's transl)]. 95 96

An attempt is made to separate different pairs of psychiatric patient groups by means of a modified form of Q factor analysis comparable to discriminant analysis. The psychopathological state of 454 patients had been rated using two psychiatric rating scales, the IMPS (Inpatient Multidimensional Psychiatric Scale) by Lorr et al. and the psychopathological and somatic scales of the AMP documentation system. Out of these patients the four most frequently occurring groups (schizophrenia, paranoid form, n = 45; schizophrenia, unspecified form, n = 47; depressive psychosis, n = 44; depressive neurosis, n = 53) were selected. Each patient group was divided randomly into two samples, an analysis sample and a validation sample. Only those items were selected which discriminated best between any two analysis samples. Using G indices a Q factor analysis was calculated, and the results improved by a criterion-related additional rotation. The resulting weights were transferred to the validation samples in order to have a cross validation. The mean percentage of correct placements within the validation samples was 83%.
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PMID:[Psychiatric classification by means of a discriminatory application of Q factor analysis (author's transl)]. 118 Jun 90

The data of 1926 psychiatric in-patients documented by the AMP-system were evaluated with respect to the anamnestic item "early brain damage". There were 82 cases (4.26%). For each patient with an early brain damage a control-case matched for age, sex and diagnosis was selected. Patients with mental handicaps were examined seperately. For methodical reasons the demonstrated frequencies are an underestimation, and subtle differences between index- and controlgroups are not expected to be visible, but those differences which could be found, will be real. The highest frequency for "early brain damage" was found in the diagnostic group which also contained the psychic disturbances in epilepsy. Among neuroses and schizophrenia the item was found with the average-frequency of the total psychiatric population. It was under-represented among affective psychoses and involutional diseases. An early brain damage predisposed to an earlier age of first manifestation, and the psychic disease showed a more chronic course. Hypotheses concerning the uneven distribution over the diagnostic spectrum were discussed with particular emphasis on the fact that hypoxic perinatal disturbances do not lead to diffuse and unspecific consequences, but predominantly to a sensory impairment and possibly to a deficit in the aminergic system. Early brain damage was also discussed as one mode of the transmission of psychic diseases.
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PMID:[The influence of an early brain damage on psychic diseases in adulthood. A study documented by the AMP-system (author's transl)]. 122 Jun 45

The interaction between the central nervous system and the immune system has been focus of recent research. Whereas cyclic AMP has been described as a link between atopic and affective disorders, a possible link between atopic disorders and schizophrenia has not yet been investigated. A 33-year-old patient showed episodes of allergic-asthmatic and paranoid-catatonic symptoms which appeared in an anticyclic pattern. Biological, clinical and therapeutic aspects are discussed in respect to the interaction between immunological and psychiatric disorders. Cyclic-AMP as a second-messenger is not specific for a certain cell species and might represent a possible link for integrated communication between the nervous and the immune system.
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PMID:[Anti-cyclic manifestation of asthma bronchiale and schizophrenic psychosis]. 133 40


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