Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The fundamental differences between the syndromes united under the term of schizophrenia are demonstrated. Attempts to reduce these syndromes to a common denominator of a nosological unit bearing the same designation have failed. Important arguments are advanced against the identification, widespread in practice, of the terms "paranoid" and "schizophrenic". It is pointed out that these two terms are incompatible to some extent. There is a fundamental difference between the nature of paranoia and the symptoms characteristic of schizophrenia (Dementia praecox). Paranoia is far more dependent on the personality than on the pathological process. A division into three aspects - schizophrenia, paranoid psychoses and MDP instead of the dichotomy schizophrenia/MDP, is proposed for a better theoretical and practical understanding in the field of endogeny. Further semantic arguments are advanced against the term "schizophrenia" indicating its iatrogenic effect.
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PMID:[Schizophrenic and paranoid - bi- or trisection of endogenous psychoses]. 84 41

As many as 21 patients with endogenous depressions were examined by the "individual minute" method 3 times a day during hospital treatment with tricyclic antidepressants and neuroleptics. MDP patients had an anxious type of depressive affect, those with schizophrenia had anxious and uneasy types. In the anxious type of depressive affect, the "individual minute" was considerably shortened at the study onset; in the uneasy type, it was similar to normal. In patients with MDP, normalization of the "individual minute" was seen during reduction of depression (at r = -0.63). In schizophrenic patients, the short "individual minute" underwent little changes in the course of the clinical state improvement and depression was refractory to the treatment. The data obtained may be of importance in studying chronobiology of endogenous depressions.
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PMID:[Reproduction of the minute time interval in depression in patients with schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis]. 164 89

The psychopathological structure of vegetative paroxysms was studied in different patterns of neuroses (120 cases), endogenous depressions and organic CNS lesions (160 cases). Four types of paroxysms were distinguished depending on the predominance of the definite register of disorders: (1) simple vegetative paroxysms (crises) with the predominance of the vegetative manifestations proper, characteristic for organic CNS lesions and somatogenic; (2) vegetoaffective paroxysms including the vegetative manifestations proper and psychopathological manifestations closely related to the patients' personality and the influence of external factors, characteristic for neurotic disorders; (3) affective-vegetative paroxysms (raptoid conditions) as a unified psychosomatic complex including the protopathic affect of fear, impairment of the general feeling and vegetative functional abnormalities characteristic for MDP and schizophrenia; (4) depersonalization raptuses based on the deranged self-consciousness in the form of different types of depersonalization characteristic primarily for schizophrenia.
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PMID:[The psychopathological structure of paroxysmal psychoautonomic disturbances and its importance for the differential diagnosis and prognosis of different forms of neuroses and depressions]. 216 33

48 patients with episodic psychosis (18 schizophrenia, 30 MDP) were studied to examine whether they had similar hallucinations in consecutive episodes. 34 cases reported hallucinations, 23 of whom had hallucinations in consecutive episodes. In 22 of these 23 cases, the same type of hallucination (in the same sense organ modality) recurred. A recurrence of similar content was found in nearly half of the cases. In cases in whom the hallucinatory content persisted, however, there was no persistence of delusional content. Similar neurophysiological disturbances in similar neuroanatomical regions may result in the persistence of the same hallucinations.
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PMID:Recurrence of hallucinations in consecutive episodes of schizophrenia and affective disorder. 227 74

An analysis of a representative epidemiological sample of patients with endogenic psychoses (schizophrenia and MDP) revealed statistical distribution of some parameters of the disease (risk of the development of the disease in relation to age, a number of previous attacks, as well as distribution of patients by the duration of paroxysms and remissions). The authors believe that a collation of the tabulated data with the known mathematical models makes it possible to come to understanding some aspects of the pathogenesis of endogenic psychoses.
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PMID:[Population patterns in the development and course of endogenous psychoses as a reflection of their pathogenesis]. 405 Feb 31

There is mounting evidence, primarily from research in experimental animals, that the dipeptide N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) and its metabolic enzyme, N-acetylated alpha-linked acid dipeptidase (NAALADase), are involved in glutamatergic neurotransmission. Previous studies in neuropsychiatric disorders associated with the dysregulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission, such as schizophrenia, seizure disorders, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), have revealed region-specific alterations in the levels of NAAG and in the activity of NAALADase. To establish better the cellular localization of these and related parameters in human brain, we have examined their alterations in two well-characterized selective neurodengenerative disorders, Huntington Disease (HD) and Alzheimer Disease (AD). Brain regions from postmortem controls and HD- or AD-affected individuals were assayed to determine the activity of NAALADase as well as the levels of NAAG, N-acetylaspartate (NAA), and several amino acids. The relationships between changes in these neurochemical parameters and changes in neuronal and glial cell density were determined. The present report demonstrates that the decreases in the levels of NAAG and NAA and in the activity of NAALADase in AD and HD brain correlate primarily with neuronal loss. By inference, the results suggest that NAAG and NAA have primarily a neuronal localization in human brain and that there is a close relationship between NAAG and the dipeptidase NAALADase in populations of affected neurons.
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PMID:N-acetylaspartylglutamate, N-acetylaspartate, and N-acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase in human brain and their alterations in Huntington and Alzheimer's diseases. 937 25

Previous work from this laboratory had demonstrated the presence of endogenous morphine, strychnine and nicotine in the mammalian brain and human serum samples. Morphine is synthesised from tyrosine and strychnine and nicotine from tryptophan. This study examines the role of strychnine, nicotine and morphine in neuropsychiatric disorders. The blood levels of tyrosine, tryptophan, strychnine, nicotine and morphine were studied as also RBC membrane Na(+)-K+ ATPase activity. It was found that serum tyrosine levels were reduced and tryptophan levels elevated in all neuropsychiatric disorders studied with a reduction in RBC Na(+)-K+ ATPase activity. Nicotine was present in significant amounts in serum of patients with schizophrenia, CNS glioma and syndrome X with multiple lacunar state. Morphine was present in significant amounts only in the serum of patients with multiple sclerosis and MDP. Strychnine was present in significant amounts in the serum of patients with epilepsy, Parkinson's disease and MDP. The presence of nicotine and strychnine in significant amounts could be related to elevated tryptophan levels suggesting the synthesis of these alkaloids from tryptophan. Morphine was not detected in most of the disorders owing to low tyrosine levels noted in them. Na(+)-K+ ATPase inhibition noticed in most of the disorders could be related to decreased hyperpolarising morphinergic transmission and increased depolarising nicotinergic and strychinergic transmission. The role of morphine, strychnine and nicotine in the pathogenesis of these disorders in the setting of membrane Na(+)-K+ ATPase inhibition is discussed.
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PMID:Endogenous strychnine, nicotine, and morphine--description of hypo and hyper-strychninergic, nicotinergic and morphinergic state in relation to neuropsychiatric diseases. 1111 26

The membrane composition and the isoprenoid pathway metabolites important in maintaining cell membrane integrity was studied in neurological and psychiatric disorders. The results indicate alteration in cholesterol:phospholipid ratio of the RBC membrane which is increased in glioma, schizophrenia, and bipolar mood disorder (MDP); decreased in multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease; and not significantly altered in epilepsy. The concentration of total glycosaminoglycans (GAG), hexose, and fucose decreased in the RBC membrane and increased in the serum. The RBC membrane Na+-K+ ATPase activity was reduced and serum HMG CoA reductase activity was increased. There were increased serum levels of digoxin, cholesterol, and dolichol and decreased levels of ubiquinone. The serum magnesium and tyrosine levels were reduced and tryptophan increased. The results indicate a defect in membrane formation and a decreased membrane Na+-K+ ATPase activity in all the disorders studied. The results are discussed, and a hypothesis regarding the relationship between these disorders and defective membrane architecture and membrane Na+-K+ ATPase inhibition is presented.
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PMID:Isoprenoid pathway-related membrane dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disorders. 1458 55

A group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonist was recently reported to be clinically efficacious against symptoms of schizophrenia [Patil, S.T., Zhang, L., Martenyi, F., Lowe, S.L., Jackson, K.A., Andreev, B.V., Avedisova, A.S., Bardenstein, L.M., Gurovich, I.Y., Morozova, M.A., Mosolov, S.N., Neznanov, N.G., Reznik, A.M., Smulevich, A.B., Tochilov, V.A., Johnson, B.G., Monn, J.A., Schoepp, D.D., 2007. Activation of mGlu2/3 receptors as a new approach to treat schizophrenia: a randomized phase 2 clinical trial. Nature Med 13, 1102-1107]. The endogenous neuropeptide N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) has been described as an agonist at mGluR2 and mGluR3 [Wroblewska, B., Wroblewski, J.T., Pshenichkin, S., Surin, A., Sullivan, S.E., Neale, J.H., 1997. N-acetylaspartylglutamate selectively activates mGluR3 receptors in transfected cells. J. Neurochem. 69, 174-181; Cartmell, J., Adam, G., Chaboz, S., Henningsen, R., Kemp, J.A., Klingelschmidt, A., Metzler, V., Monsma, F., Schaffhauser, H., Wichmann, J., Mutel, V., 1998. Characterization of [3H]-(2S,2'R,3'R)-2-(2',3'-dicarboxy-cyclopropyl)glycine ([3H]-DCG IV) binding to metabotropic mGlu2 receptor-transfected cell membranes. Br. J. Pharmacol. 123, 497-504] and is degraded by the enzyme glutamate carboxypeptidase II (also known as N-acetyl-alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase or NAALADase). Hence, elevating the concentration of endogenous NAAG by inhibition of NAALADase represents a potential strategy for the treatment of schizophrenia via group II mGluR activation. We therefore investigated the activity of NAAG at both rat native and human recombinant mGluRs. We found that NAAG had no effect on synaptic transmission at the medial perforant pathway inputs to the rat dentate gyrus which is known to be sensitive to group II mGluR activation. We proceeded to examine the effects of NAAG at human recombinant mGluR2 and mGluR3 in a cellular G protein-activated K+ channel electrophysiology assay. Furthermore, due to discrepancies in the literature concerning the activity of NAAG at the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor [NMDAR; Westbrook, G.L., Mayer, M.L., Namboodiri, M.A., Neale, J.H., 1986. High concentrations of N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) selectively activate NMDA receptors on mouse spinal cord neurons in cell culture. J. Neurosci. 6, 3385-3392; Losi, G., Vicini, S., Neale, J., 2004. NAAG fails to antagonize synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDA receptors in cerebellar granule neurons. Neuropharmacology 46, 490-496], we also tested NAAG at NMDARs in rat hippocampal neurons in culture. We found that a purified NAAG preparation had no effect at mGluR2, mGluR3 or NMDAR. Taken together, these findings do not support a rationale for targeting NAALADase and increasing extracellular NAAG levels as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of schizophrenia.
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PMID:Effects of N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) at group II mGluRs and NMDAR. 1928 17

The present study was carried out to test our hypothesis that linguistic competence may importantly determine the manifest symptomatology as well as type of schizophrenia and neurosis. A test of linguistic competence constructed by us after two tryouts and consisting of eight subtests, namely colour naming, naming filial relationships and household objects, TAT (mean lengh of utterance and total number of morphenes), picture arrangement, temporal and spatial relationships, similarities and vocabulary was administered to 15 patients each of acute, paranoid and chronic schizophrenia; manic depressive psychosis; and anxiety, hysterical and obsessive compulsive neurosis. On analysis of variance, the groups differed significantly on household objects, TAT(total morphemes), temporal and spatial relationships and vocabulary. Obsessive compulsive neurotics, paranoid schizophrenics and anxiety neurotics scored highest while chronic schizophrenics and MDP scored lowest on these subtests. The study thus suggests that these illnesses may be phenomenological correlates of high and low linguistic competence, respectively.
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PMID:Correlation of linguistic competence with psychopathology. 2192 3


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